Outputs (45)

In two minds: distractive and protective effects of passengers in automated vehicles (2024)
Conference Proceeding

We highlight exemplar behaviours elicited through the observation of driver-passenger interactions in a multiple journey driving simulator study, demonstrating both distractive and protective effects when a front-seat passenger is present during SAE... Read More about In two minds: distractive and protective effects of passengers in automated vehicles.

I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication (2023)
Conference Proceeding

We employed the 'Ghost Driver' methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle (AV) and explored pedestrians' (n=520) crossing behaviour in response to external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs). Three eHMI designs were created to replace absent pedestri... Read More about I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication.

Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles (2023)
Conference Proceeding

The absence of a human driver in future autonomous vehicles means that explicit pedestrian-driver communication is not possible. Building on the novel ‘Ghost Driver’ methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle, we developed prototype external human-... Read More about Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles.

“Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience (2022)
Conference Proceeding

The remote operation of automated vehicles (‘teleoperation’) has been posited as a potential solution for situations in which human intervention is required, but creates new challenges for ‘driver’ distraction and inattention. Guided by the critical... Read More about “Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience.

Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study (2022)
Conference Proceeding

Theoretical techniques to model and predict drivers’ visual behaviour during the execution of secondary in- vehicle tasks, such as the extended keystroke level model (eKLM), are predicated on perfect task resumability during the interleaving of atten... Read More about Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study.

Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles (2022)
Conference Proceeding

Voice assistants in future autonomous vehicles may play a major role in supporting the driver during periods of a transfer of control with the vehicle (handover and handback). However, little is known about the effects of different qualities of the v... Read More about Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles.

What Just Happened? Exploring Drivers’ Behaviour in Response to Minimal Risk Condition – A Qualitative Driving Simulator Study (2021)
Conference Proceeding

Automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to improve road safety by reducing the number of collisions and safety critical events [1,2]. In the event of a failure of the automated driving system (ADS), or if it reaches the limit of its capability, action... Read More about What Just Happened? Exploring Drivers’ Behaviour in Response to Minimal Risk Condition – A Qualitative Driving Simulator Study.

Assessing the Validity of Low and Medium-Fidelity Driving Simulators for HMI Distraction Testing – A Subjective Approach (2021)
Conference Proceeding

Simulators are commonly employed for conducting driving-related research due to their increased flexibility, safety and control compared to on-the-road studies [1]. However, concerns have been raised regarding the validity of the approach, that is, t... Read More about Assessing the Validity of Low and Medium-Fidelity Driving Simulators for HMI Distraction Testing – A Subjective Approach.

Driver Perception Using A Camera-Based Digital Side Mirror: An On-Road Study (2021)
Conference Proceeding

Camera-based digital mirrors purport to offer a range of benefits yet may influence drivers’ ability to quickly and accurately extract salient information pertaining to driving. In an on-road study, fifteen experienced drivers (seated in the front, l... Read More about Driver Perception Using A Camera-Based Digital Side Mirror: An On-Road Study.

Introducing CHAT to Improve Driver Performance during Level 3 Automated Driving (2021)
Conference Proceeding

Intermediate levels of automation will place new demands on drivers. At this level, system capability allows drivers to turn their attention to non-driving tasks, but system boundaries will require the driver to takeover control when requested and re... Read More about Introducing CHAT to Improve Driver Performance during Level 3 Automated Driving.

Exploring the Benefits of Conversing with a Digital Voice Assistant during Automated Driving: A Parametric Duration Model of Takeover Time (2021)
Conference Proceeding

The current study investigated the role of an in-vehicle digital voice-assistant (VA) in conditionally automated vehicles, offering discourse relating specifically to contextual factors, such as the traffic situation and road environment. The study i... Read More about Exploring the Benefits of Conversing with a Digital Voice Assistant during Automated Driving: A Parametric Duration Model of Takeover Time.

Ultrahapticons: “Haptifying” Drivers’ Mental Models to Transform Automotive Mid-Air Haptic Gesture Infotainment Interfaces (2020)
Conference Proceeding

In-vehicle gesture interfaces show potential to reduce visual demand and improve task performance when supported with mid-air, ultrasound-haptic feedback. However, comparative studies have tended to select gestures and haptic sensations based either... Read More about Ultrahapticons: “Haptifying” Drivers’ Mental Models to Transform Automotive Mid-Air Haptic Gesture Infotainment Interfaces.

Towards Future Driver Training: Analysing Human Behaviour in Level 3 Automated Cars (2020)
Conference Proceeding

Automation capability of future Level 3 vehicles will extend to tactical as well as control levels of the driving task. However, if systems fail or boundary limitations are exceeded the human driver must be ready to take over control of the vehicle.... Read More about Towards Future Driver Training: Analysing Human Behaviour in Level 3 Automated Cars.

Enhancing Drivers’ Awareness of Passing Pedestrians with Exocentric Digital Mirrors (2020)
Conference Proceeding

Digital mirrors are expected to feature in next generation cars. Ongoing technological developments in on-board cameras, sensors and sensor-fusing algorithms means that future drivers could be provided with novel visualisations that are not limited t... Read More about Enhancing Drivers’ Awareness of Passing Pedestrians with Exocentric Digital Mirrors.

To Please in a Pod: Employing an Anthropomorphic Agent-Interlocutor to Enhance Trust and User Experience in an Autonomous, Self-Driving Vehicle (2019)
Conference Proceeding

Recognising that one of the aims of conversation is to build, maintain and strengthen positive relationships with others, the study explores whether passengers in an autonomous vehicle display similar behaviour during transactions with an on-board co... Read More about To Please in a Pod: Employing an Anthropomorphic Agent-Interlocutor to Enhance Trust and User Experience in an Autonomous, Self-Driving Vehicle.

Lessons from Oz: design guidelines for automotive conversational user interfaces (2019)
Conference Proceeding

This paper draws from literature and our experience of conducting Wizard-of-Oz (WoZ) studies using natural language, conversational user interfaces (CUIs) in the automotive domain. These studies have revealed positive effects of using in-vehicle CUIs... Read More about Lessons from Oz: design guidelines for automotive conversational user interfaces.

A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Explore Drivers’ Behaviour in Level 3 Automated Vehicles (2019)
Conference Proceeding

In a longitudinal study, 49 drivers undertook a commute-style journey, with part of the route supporting level-3 automation, over five consecutive days. Bespoke HMIs were provided to keep drivers in-the-loop during automation, and help them regain si... Read More about A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Explore Drivers’ Behaviour in Level 3 Automated Vehicles.

"It's small talk, jim, but not as we know it.": engendering trust through human-agent conversation in an autonomous, self-driving car (2019)
Conference Proceeding

The use of speech has been popularised as a human-vehicle interface in the automotive domain. While this is most often associated with alleviating concerns of driver distraction and cognitive load, the study explores whether the presence of conversat... Read More about "It's small talk, jim, but not as we know it.": engendering trust through human-agent conversation in an autonomous, self-driving car.

Improving the effectiveness of active safety systems to significantly reduce accidents with vulnerable road users - the Project PROSPECT (Proactive Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists) (2019)
Conference Proceeding

Accidents involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) are still a very significant issue for road safety. ´PROactive Safety for PEdestrians and CyclisTs´ is a collaborative research project funded by the European Commission. The objective of PROSPECT was t... Read More about Improving the effectiveness of active safety systems to significantly reduce accidents with vulnerable road users - the Project PROSPECT (Proactive Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists).

Rebuilding Drivers’ Situation Awareness During Take-Over Requests in Level 3 Automated Cars (2019)
Conference Proceeding

Future, level 3 automated vehicles will enable drivers to undertake non-driving-related secondary tasks while the vehicle is in control. This is likely to impair their situation awareness, and consequently affect their ability to resume control in si... Read More about Rebuilding Drivers’ Situation Awareness During Take-Over Requests in Level 3 Automated Cars.

The impact of interaction mechanisms with in-vehicle touch screens on task performance (2019)
Conference Proceeding

The developments within in-vehicle technologies although provide a better driving experience, they also raise concern due to their contribution to driver distraction. Especially the introduction of in-vehicle touch screens has the potential to increa... Read More about The impact of interaction mechanisms with in-vehicle touch screens on task performance.

Comparing the Efficacy of Visual and Verbal Guidance for a Target Car-Seat Posture (2019)
Conference Proceeding

Car seats are becoming increasingly complex, aiming to promote driver wellbeing and comfort, and overcome musculoskeletal problems caused by poor driving posture and extended exposure. With an increasing amount of adjustments available, the navigatio... Read More about Comparing the Efficacy of Visual and Verbal Guidance for a Target Car-Seat Posture.

Exploring Drivers’ Visual Behaviour During Take-Over Requests (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Using Visual Occlusion to Identify Performance Thresholds Associated with Search-and-Select Target Acquisition on an Automotive Touchscreen Interface (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Validating ‘Dutch Reach’: A Preliminary Evaluation of Far-Hand Door Opening and its Impact on Car Drivers’ Head Movements (2018)
Conference Proceeding

A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Evaluate Driver Acceptance of the PROSPECT Proactive Safety System for Cyclists (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Exploring the Use of Mid-Air Ultrasonic Feedback to Enhance Automotive User Interfaces (2018)
Conference Proceeding

© 2018 ACM. Employing a 2×2 within-subjects design, forty-eight experienced drivers (28 male, 20 female) undertook repeated button selection and 'slider-bar' manipulation tasks, to compare a traditional touchscreen with a virtual mid-air gesture inte... Read More about Exploring the Use of Mid-Air Ultrasonic Feedback to Enhance Automotive User Interfaces.

Life on the road: Exposing drivers’ tendency to anthropomorphise in-vehicle technology (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Anthropomorphism is often used in the design of products and technology, with the aim of enhancing the user experience. However, ‘human’ elements may also be employed for practical reasons, e.g. using speech as an interaction mechanism to minimise vi... Read More about Life on the road: Exposing drivers’ tendency to anthropomorphise in-vehicle technology.

Keeping the driver in the loop: the 'other' ethics of automation (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Automated vehicles are expected torevolutionise everyday travelwith anticipated benefits of improved road safety, comfort and mobility. However, they also raise complex ethical challenges. Ethical debates have primarily centredaround moral j... Read More about Keeping the driver in the loop: the 'other' ethics of automation.

Fostering Trust and Acceptance of a Collision Avoidance System through Retrospective Feedback (2018)
Conference Proceeding

A simulator study explored the effects of providing retrospective feedback on drivers’ acceptance of a collision avoidance system (CAS) following a false activation. Sixteen experienced drivers undertook two drives, each lasting approximately 20 minu... Read More about Fostering Trust and Acceptance of a Collision Avoidance System through Retrospective Feedback.

Trust me – I’m AutoCAB’: Using natural language interfaces to improve the trust and acceptance of level 4/5 autonomous vehicles (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Towards a predictive model of driver acceptance of active collision avoidance systems (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Drivers’ acceptance of advanced-driver-assistance-systems (ADAS), such as pedestrian alert systems (PAS), is vital if the full benefits are to be realised. However, the adoption and continued use of such technology is not only contingent on the syste... Read More about Towards a predictive model of driver acceptance of active collision avoidance systems.

Design Implications of Drivers’ Engagement with Secondary Activities During Highly-Automated Driving – A Longitudinal Simulator Study (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Highly-automated vehicles will provide the freedom for drivers to engage in secondary activities while the vehicle is in control. However, little is known regarding the nature of activities that drivers will undertake, and how these may impact driver... Read More about Design Implications of Drivers’ Engagement with Secondary Activities During Highly-Automated Driving – A Longitudinal Simulator Study.

Putting the Joy in Driving: Investigating the Use of a Joystick as an Alternative to Traditional Controls within Future Autonomous Vehicles (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Unencumbered by the need to provide permanent manual control, future autonomous vehicles may be absent of traditional driving elements, such as a steering wheel and foot-pedals. While this provides additional space/comfort for drivers, an alternative... Read More about Putting the Joy in Driving: Investigating the Use of a Joystick as an Alternative to Traditional Controls within Future Autonomous Vehicles.

A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Explore Drivers’ Behaviour During Highly-Automated Driving (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Six experienced drivers each undertook five 30-min journeys (portrayed as ‘daily commutes’ i.e. one on each of five consecutive weekdays) in a medium-fidelity driving-simulator engineered to mimic a highly-automated vehicle. Participants were encoura... Read More about A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Explore Drivers’ Behaviour During Highly-Automated Driving.

Stimulating Conversation: Engaging Drivers in Natural Language Interactions with an Autonomous Digital Driving Assistant to Counteract Passive Task-Related Fatigue (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Engaging in conversation has been shown to be an effective countermeasure to passive task-related fatigue. To investigate the effectiveness of a digital assistant to fulfil the role of conversational partner in counteracting driver fatigue, twenty pa... Read More about Stimulating Conversation: Engaging Drivers in Natural Language Interactions with an Autonomous Digital Driving Assistant to Counteract Passive Task-Related Fatigue.

A predictive model of the visual demand associated with in-vehicle touchscreens (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Touchscreen-HMIs are increasingly popular within vehicles. Understanding the likely visual demand of new designs is therefore important but typically requires time-consuming and costly testing with functioning prototypes. Theoretical modelling allows... Read More about A predictive model of the visual demand associated with in-vehicle touchscreens.

Exploring the Behaviour of Distracted Drivers during Different Levels of Automation in Driving (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Increased levels of automation in driving can reduce drivers’ situation-awareness and cause erratic changes to workload and skills degradation following prolonged exposure. In addition, drivers (particularly those who are vulnerable to the onset of b... Read More about Exploring the Behaviour of Distracted Drivers during Different Levels of Automation in Driving.

Assessing Cognitive Demand during Natural Language Interactions with a Digital Driving Assistant (2016)
Conference Proceeding

Given the proliferation of digital assistants in everyday mobile technology, it appears inevitable that next generation vehicles will be embodied by similar agents, offering engaging, natural language interactions. However, speech can be cognitively... Read More about Assessing Cognitive Demand during Natural Language Interactions with a Digital Driving Assistant.

Twist It, Touch It, Push It, Swipe It: Evaluating Secondary Input Devices for Use with an Automotive Touchscreen HMI (2016)
Conference Proceeding

Touchscreen Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) inherently demand some visual attention. By employing a secondary device, to work in unison with a touchscreen, some of this demand may be alleviated. In a medium-fidelity driving simulator, twenty-four dri... Read More about Twist It, Touch It, Push It, Swipe It: Evaluating Secondary Input Devices for Use with an Automotive Touchscreen HMI.

Predicting the visual demand of finger-touch pointing tasks in a driving context (2015)
Conference Proceeding

Finger-touch based interactions with capacitive touchscreen devices in cars are becoming increasingly common. As such, it is critical to understand the basic human factors of target acquisition (pointing/touching) in this context. We describe a simul... Read More about Predicting the visual demand of finger-touch pointing tasks in a driving context.

Applying NHTSA task acceptance criteria to different simulated driving scenarios (2015)
Conference Proceeding

Driver distraction is a major contributor to road traffic accidents. Consequently, NHTSA have published detailed guidelines intended to discourage the introduction of excessively distracting electronic devices in vehicles. However, concerns have been... Read More about Applying NHTSA task acceptance criteria to different simulated driving scenarios.

Comparing the NHTSA and ISO occlusion test protocols: how many participants are sufficient? (2015)
Conference Proceeding

Occlusion is a popular technique used to evaluate the visual demand associated with secondary tasks/devices in a driving context offering a low cost, highly accessible alternative to driving simulators and on-road studies. Several standardised occlus... Read More about Comparing the NHTSA and ISO occlusion test protocols: how many participants are sufficient?.

An investigation of augmented reality presentations of landmark-based navigation using a head-up display (2015)
Conference Proceeding

Using landmark-based navigation can greatly improve drivers’ route-finding performance. Previous research in this area has tended to focus on the inclusion of text or icon-based landmark information utilising dashboard-mounted displays. In contrast,... Read More about An investigation of augmented reality presentations of landmark-based navigation using a head-up display.

A study of unidirectional swipe gestures on in-vehicle touch screens (2013)
Conference Proceeding

Touch screens are increasingly used within modern vehicles, providing the potential for a range of gestures to facilitate interaction under divided attention conditions. This paper describes a study aiming to understand how drivers naturally make swi... Read More about A study of unidirectional swipe gestures on in-vehicle touch screens.