Outputs (81)

In two minds: distractive and protective effects of passengers in automated vehicles (2024)
Conference Proceeding

We highlight exemplar behaviours elicited through the observation of driver-passenger interactions in a multiple journey driving simulator study, demonstrating both distractive and protective effects when a front-seat passenger is present during SAE... Read More about In two minds: distractive and protective effects of passengers in automated vehicles.

Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis (2023)
Journal Article

Onboard virtual assistants with the ability to converse with users are gaining favour in supporting effective human-machine interaction to meet safe standards of operation in automated vehicles (AVs). Previous studies have highlighted the need to com... Read More about Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis.

I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication (2023)
Conference Proceeding

We employed the 'Ghost Driver' methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle (AV) and explored pedestrians' (n=520) crossing behaviour in response to external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs). Three eHMI designs were created to replace absent pedestri... Read More about I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication.

Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles (2023)
Conference Proceeding

The absence of a human driver in future autonomous vehicles means that explicit pedestrian-driver communication is not possible. Building on the novel ‘Ghost Driver’ methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle, we developed prototype external human-... Read More about Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles.

A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing (2023)
Journal Article

Studies comparing results captured in a simulator with those on road are important to validate the approach but are scarce in the context of secondary task distraction due to the potential ramifications of diverting attention away from safe driving.... Read More about A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing.

“Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience (2022)
Conference Proceeding

The remote operation of automated vehicles (‘teleoperation’) has been posited as a potential solution for situations in which human intervention is required, but creates new challenges for ‘driver’ distraction and inattention. Guided by the critical... Read More about “Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience.

Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study (2022)
Conference Proceeding

Theoretical techniques to model and predict drivers’ visual behaviour during the execution of secondary in- vehicle tasks, such as the extended keystroke level model (eKLM), are predicated on perfect task resumability during the interleaving of atten... Read More about Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study.

Augmenting Automotive Gesture Infotainment Interfaces through Mid-Air Haptic Icon Design (2022)
Book Chapter

A growing body of work is demonstrating the potential benefits of haptic interfaces for the automotive domain, including the use of ultrasound haptic interfaces. In this chapter, we present our work into the development of an in-vehicle mid-air gestu... Read More about Augmenting Automotive Gesture Infotainment Interfaces through Mid-Air Haptic Icon Design.

Deriving UX Dimensions for Future Autonomous Taxi Interface Design (2022)
Journal Article

Advances in autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies mean that driverless taxis could become a part of everyday life in cities within the next decade. We present a user-design activity leading to the development of an experience-design framework for auto... Read More about Deriving UX Dimensions for Future Autonomous Taxi Interface Design.

Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles (2022)
Conference Proceeding

Voice assistants in future autonomous vehicles may play a major role in supporting the driver during periods of a transfer of control with the vehicle (handover and handback). However, little is known about the effects of different qualities of the v... Read More about Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles.

Validating the Salience of Haptic Icons for Automotive Mid-Air Haptic Gesture Interfaces (2022)
Presentation / Conference

Mid-air haptic technology has enabled a new research arena in spatial interaction to emerge. Various efforts have attempted to pair mid-air haptics with gestural input for In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems but have not explored the higher reaches of se... Read More about Validating the Salience of Haptic Icons for Automotive Mid-Air Haptic Gesture Interfaces.

Pro-Social Mobility: Using Mozilla Hubs as a Design Collaboration Tool (2022)
Presentation / Conference

This paper showcases the novel application of Mozilla Hubs in the context of interface design for future, autonomous taxis. It demonstrates that repurposing pro-social virtual reality as a design collaboration tool enables an embodied and spatialised... Read More about Pro-Social Mobility: Using Mozilla Hubs as a Design Collaboration Tool.

Evaluating Virtual Reality 360 Video to Inform Interface Design for Driverless Taxis (2022)
Presentation / Conference

Autonomous, self-driving taxis are a commonly cited solution for future mobility but inevitably raise myriad human-centred design and usability challenges. However, conducting usability and user experience studies in imagined, future vehicles is trou... Read More about Evaluating Virtual Reality 360 Video to Inform Interface Design for Driverless Taxis.

Deriving Personas to Inform HMI Design for Future Autonomous Taxis: A Case Study on User- Requirement Elicitation (2021)
Journal Article

Automated, Mobility-as-a-Service Vehicles (AV-MaaSs) – Autonomous Taxis - are expected to offer an inexpensive, mobility-on-demand service supporting greater sustainable transportation systems, including ‘last mile’ solutions. However, to date little... Read More about Deriving Personas to Inform HMI Design for Future Autonomous Taxis: A Case Study on User- Requirement Elicitation.

U can’t touch this! Face touching behaviour whilst driving: implications for health, hygiene and human factors (2021)
Journal Article

Analysis of thirty-one hours of video-data documenting 36 experienced drivers highlighted the prevalence of face-touching, with 819 contacts identified (mean frequency: 26.4 face touches/hour (FT/h); mean duration: 3.9-seconds). Fewer face-touches oc... Read More about U can’t touch this! Face touching behaviour whilst driving: implications for health, hygiene and human factors.

Assessing the Validity of Low and Medium-Fidelity Driving Simulators for HMI Distraction Testing – A Subjective Approach (2021)
Conference Proceeding

Simulators are commonly employed for conducting driving-related research due to their increased flexibility, safety and control compared to on-the-road studies [1]. However, concerns have been raised regarding the validity of the approach, that is, t... Read More about Assessing the Validity of Low and Medium-Fidelity Driving Simulators for HMI Distraction Testing – A Subjective Approach.

What Just Happened? Exploring Drivers’ Behaviour in Response to Minimal Risk Condition – A Qualitative Driving Simulator Study (2021)
Conference Proceeding

Automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to improve road safety by reducing the number of collisions and safety critical events [1,2]. In the event of a failure of the automated driving system (ADS), or if it reaches the limit of its capability, action... Read More about What Just Happened? Exploring Drivers’ Behaviour in Response to Minimal Risk Condition – A Qualitative Driving Simulator Study.

Isolating the Effect of Off-Road Glance Duration on Driving Performance: An Exemplar Study Comparing HDD and HUD in Different Driving Scenarios (2021)
Journal Article

Objective: We controlled participants’ glance behavior while using head-down displays (HDDs) and head-up displays (HUDs) to isolate driving behavioral changes due to use of different display types across different driving environments. Background: Re... Read More about Isolating the Effect of Off-Road Glance Duration on Driving Performance: An Exemplar Study Comparing HDD and HUD in Different Driving Scenarios.

Exploring the benefits of conversing with a digital voice assistant during automated driving: A parametric duration model of takeover time (2021)
Journal Article

Vehicle automation allows drivers to disengage from driving causing a potential decline in their alertness. One of the major challenges of highly automated vehicles is to ensure a timely (with respect to safety and situation awareness) takeover in su... Read More about Exploring the benefits of conversing with a digital voice assistant during automated driving: A parametric duration model of takeover time.

Driver Perception Using A Camera-Based Digital Side Mirror: An On-Road Study (2021)
Conference Proceeding

Camera-based digital mirrors purport to offer a range of benefits yet may influence drivers’ ability to quickly and accurately extract salient information pertaining to driving. In an on-road study, fifteen experienced drivers (seated in the front, l... Read More about Driver Perception Using A Camera-Based Digital Side Mirror: An On-Road Study.

Exploring the effectiveness of a digital voice assistant to maintain driver alertness in partially automated vehicles (2021)
Journal Article

Objective: Vehicle automation shifts the driver's role from active operator to passive observer at the potential cost of degrading their alertness. This study investigated the role of an in-vehicle voice-based assistant (VA; conversing about traffic/... Read More about Exploring the effectiveness of a digital voice assistant to maintain driver alertness in partially automated vehicles.

Introducing CHAT to Improve Driver Performance during Level 3 Automated Driving (2021)
Conference Proceeding

Intermediate levels of automation will place new demands on drivers. At this level, system capability allows drivers to turn their attention to non-driving tasks, but system boundaries will require the driver to takeover control when requested and re... Read More about Introducing CHAT to Improve Driver Performance during Level 3 Automated Driving.

Exploring the Benefits of Conversing with a Digital Voice Assistant during Automated Driving: A Parametric Duration Model of Takeover Time (2021)
Conference Proceeding

The current study investigated the role of an in-vehicle digital voice-assistant (VA) in conditionally automated vehicles, offering discourse relating specifically to contextual factors, such as the traffic situation and road environment. The study i... Read More about Exploring the Benefits of Conversing with a Digital Voice Assistant during Automated Driving: A Parametric Duration Model of Takeover Time.

A Perceptual Color-Matching Method for Examining Color Blending in Augmented Reality Head-Up Display Graphics (2020)
Journal Article

Augmented reality (AR) offers new ways to visualize information on-the-go. As noted in related work, AR graphics presented via optical see-through AR displays are particularly prone to color blending, whereby intended graphic colors may be perceptual... Read More about A Perceptual Color-Matching Method for Examining Color Blending in Augmented Reality Head-Up Display Graphics.

Driver Training for Future Automated Vehicles: Introducing CHAT (CHeck, Assess, Takeover) (2020)
Report

Automated vehicles are expected to offer many benefits, including improvements in road safety, increased mobility, enhanced driver comfort, and reductions in road congestion. However, fully automated, autonomous vehicles that require no input from a... Read More about Driver Training for Future Automated Vehicles: Introducing CHAT (CHeck, Assess, Takeover).

Ultrahapticons: “Haptifying” Drivers’ Mental Models to Transform Automotive Mid-Air Haptic Gesture Infotainment Interfaces (2020)
Conference Proceeding

In-vehicle gesture interfaces show potential to reduce visual demand and improve task performance when supported with mid-air, ultrasound-haptic feedback. However, comparative studies have tended to select gestures and haptic sensations based either... Read More about Ultrahapticons: “Haptifying” Drivers’ Mental Models to Transform Automotive Mid-Air Haptic Gesture Infotainment Interfaces.

Enhancing Drivers’ Awareness of Passing Pedestrians with Exocentric Digital Mirrors (2020)
Conference Proceeding

Digital mirrors are expected to feature in next generation cars. Ongoing technological developments in on-board cameras, sensors and sensor-fusing algorithms means that future drivers could be provided with novel visualisations that are not limited t... Read More about Enhancing Drivers’ Awareness of Passing Pedestrians with Exocentric Digital Mirrors.

Towards Future Driver Training: Analysing Human Behaviour in Level 3 Automated Cars (2020)
Conference Proceeding

Automation capability of future Level 3 vehicles will extend to tactical as well as control levels of the driving task. However, if systems fail or boundary limitations are exceeded the human driver must be ready to take over control of the vehicle.... Read More about Towards Future Driver Training: Analysing Human Behaviour in Level 3 Automated Cars.

A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Explore Drivers’ Behaviour in Level 3 Automated Vehicles (2019)
Conference Proceeding

In a longitudinal study, 49 drivers undertook a commute-style journey, with part of the route supporting level-3 automation, over five consecutive days. Bespoke HMIs were provided to keep drivers in-the-loop during automation, and help them regain si... Read More about A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Explore Drivers’ Behaviour in Level 3 Automated Vehicles.

Lessons from Oz: design guidelines for automotive conversational user interfaces (2019)
Conference Proceeding

This paper draws from literature and our experience of conducting Wizard-of-Oz (WoZ) studies using natural language, conversational user interfaces (CUIs) in the automotive domain. These studies have revealed positive effects of using in-vehicle CUIs... Read More about Lessons from Oz: design guidelines for automotive conversational user interfaces.

To Please in a Pod: Employing an Anthropomorphic Agent-Interlocutor to Enhance Trust and User Experience in an Autonomous, Self-Driving Vehicle (2019)
Conference Proceeding

Recognising that one of the aims of conversation is to build, maintain and strengthen positive relationships with others, the study explores whether passengers in an autonomous vehicle display similar behaviour during transactions with an on-board co... Read More about To Please in a Pod: Employing an Anthropomorphic Agent-Interlocutor to Enhance Trust and User Experience in an Autonomous, Self-Driving Vehicle.

"It's small talk, jim, but not as we know it.": engendering trust through human-agent conversation in an autonomous, self-driving car (2019)
Conference Proceeding

The use of speech has been popularised as a human-vehicle interface in the automotive domain. While this is most often associated with alleviating concerns of driver distraction and cognitive load, the study explores whether the presence of conversat... Read More about "It's small talk, jim, but not as we know it.": engendering trust through human-agent conversation in an autonomous, self-driving car.

Feel the noise: Mid-air ultrasound haptics as a novel human-vehicle interaction paradigm (2019)
Journal Article

Focussed ultrasound can be used to create the sensation of touch in mid-air. Combined with gestures, this can provide haptic feedback to guide users, thereby overcoming the lack of agency associated with pure gestural interfaces, and reducing the nee... Read More about Feel the noise: Mid-air ultrasound haptics as a novel human-vehicle interaction paradigm.

Improving the effectiveness of active safety systems to significantly reduce accidents with vulnerable road users - the Project PROSPECT (Proactive Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists) (2019)
Conference Proceeding

Accidents involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) are still a very significant issue for road safety. ´PROactive Safety for PEdestrians and CyclisTs´ is a collaborative research project funded by the European Commission. The objective of PROSPECT was t... Read More about Improving the effectiveness of active safety systems to significantly reduce accidents with vulnerable road users - the Project PROSPECT (Proactive Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists).

Rebuilding Drivers’ Situation Awareness During Take-Over Requests in Level 3 Automated Cars (2019)
Conference Proceeding

Future, level 3 automated vehicles will enable drivers to undertake non-driving-related secondary tasks while the vehicle is in control. This is likely to impair their situation awareness, and consequently affect their ability to resume control in si... Read More about Rebuilding Drivers’ Situation Awareness During Take-Over Requests in Level 3 Automated Cars.

Comparing the Efficacy of Visual and Verbal Guidance for a Target Car-Seat Posture (2019)
Conference Proceeding

Car seats are becoming increasingly complex, aiming to promote driver wellbeing and comfort, and overcome musculoskeletal problems caused by poor driving posture and extended exposure. With an increasing amount of adjustments available, the navigatio... Read More about Comparing the Efficacy of Visual and Verbal Guidance for a Target Car-Seat Posture.

The impact of interaction mechanisms with in-vehicle touch screens on task performance (2019)
Conference Proceeding

The developments within in-vehicle technologies although provide a better driving experience, they also raise concern due to their contribution to driver distraction. Especially the introduction of in-vehicle touch screens has the potential to increa... Read More about The impact of interaction mechanisms with in-vehicle touch screens on task performance.

Evaluating secondary input devices to support an automotive touchscreen HMI: a cross-cultural simulator study conducted in the UK and China (2019)
Journal Article

Touchscreen Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) are a well-established and popular choice to provide the primary control interface between driver and vehicle, yet inherently demand some visual attention. Employing a secondary device with the touchscreen... Read More about Evaluating secondary input devices to support an automotive touchscreen HMI: a cross-cultural simulator study conducted in the UK and China.

Enhancing environmental engagement with natural language interfaces for in-vehicle navigation systems (2019)
Journal Article

Four on-road studies were conducted in the Clifton area of Nottingham, UK, aiming to explore the relationships between driver workload and environmental engagement associated with ‘active’ and ‘passive’ navigation systems. In a between-subjects desig... Read More about Enhancing environmental engagement with natural language interfaces for in-vehicle navigation systems.

Getting the driver back into the loop: the quality of manual vehicle control following long and short non-critical transfer-of-control requests: TI:NS (2019)
Journal Article

Specific vehicle automation use-cases such as traffic jams will be the first level 3 functions on the market. When the ‘traffic jam pilot’ nears its limits in non-critical situations, control needs to be handed back to the driver, enabling appropriat... Read More about Getting the driver back into the loop: the quality of manual vehicle control following long and short non-critical transfer-of-control requests: TI:NS.

Investigating the effect of urgency and modality of pedestrian alert warnings on driver acceptance and performance (2018)
Journal Article

Active safety systems have the potential to reduce the risk to pedestrians by warning the driver and/or taking evasive action to reduce the effects of or avoid a collision. However, current systems are limited in the range of scenarios they can addre... Read More about Investigating the effect of urgency and modality of pedestrian alert warnings on driver acceptance and performance.

Exploring Drivers’ Visual Behaviour During Take-Over Requests (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Using Visual Occlusion to Identify Performance Thresholds Associated with Search-and-Select Target Acquisition on an Automotive Touchscreen Interface (2018)
Conference Proceeding

A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Evaluate Driver Acceptance of the PROSPECT Proactive Safety System for Cyclists (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Validating ‘Dutch Reach’: A Preliminary Evaluation of Far-Hand Door Opening and its Impact on Car Drivers’ Head Movements (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Exploring the Use of Mid-Air Ultrasonic Feedback to Enhance Automotive User Interfaces (2018)
Conference Proceeding

© 2018 ACM. Employing a 2×2 within-subjects design, forty-eight experienced drivers (28 male, 20 female) undertook repeated button selection and 'slider-bar' manipulation tasks, to compare a traditional touchscreen with a virtual mid-air gesture inte... Read More about Exploring the Use of Mid-Air Ultrasonic Feedback to Enhance Automotive User Interfaces.

Life on the road: Exposing drivers’ tendency to anthropomorphise in-vehicle technology (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Anthropomorphism is often used in the design of products and technology, with the aim of enhancing the user experience. However, ‘human’ elements may also be employed for practical reasons, e.g. using speech as an interaction mechanism to minimise vi... Read More about Life on the road: Exposing drivers’ tendency to anthropomorphise in-vehicle technology.

Keeping the driver in the loop: the 'other' ethics of automation (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Automated vehicles are expected torevolutionise everyday travelwith anticipated benefits of improved road safety, comfort and mobility. However, they also raise complex ethical challenges. Ethical debates have primarily centredaround moral j... Read More about Keeping the driver in the loop: the 'other' ethics of automation.

How will drivers interact with vehicles of the future? A Naturalistic Simulation Study (2018)
Presentation / Conference

Trust me – I’m AutoCAB’: Using natural language interfaces to improve the trust and acceptance of level 4/5 autonomous vehicles (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Fostering Trust and Acceptance of a Collision Avoidance System through Retrospective Feedback (2018)
Conference Proceeding

A simulator study explored the effects of providing retrospective feedback on drivers’ acceptance of a collision avoidance system (CAS) following a false activation. Sixteen experienced drivers undertook two drives, each lasting approximately 20 minu... Read More about Fostering Trust and Acceptance of a Collision Avoidance System through Retrospective Feedback.

Towards a predictive model of driver acceptance of active collision avoidance systems (2018)
Conference Proceeding

Drivers’ acceptance of advanced-driver-assistance-systems (ADAS), such as pedestrian alert systems (PAS), is vital if the full benefits are to be realised. However, the adoption and continued use of such technology is not only contingent on the syste... Read More about Towards a predictive model of driver acceptance of active collision avoidance systems.

Understanding the effects of peripheral vision and muscle memory on in-vehicle touchscreen interactions (2018)
Journal Article

It is important to gain a better understanding of how drivers interact with in-vehicle touchscreens to help design interfaces to minimise “eyes off road” time. The study aimed to investigate the relative effects of two interaction mechanisms (periphe... Read More about Understanding the effects of peripheral vision and muscle memory on in-vehicle touchscreen interactions.

Driven to discussion: engaging drivers in conversation with a digital assistant as a countermeasure to passive task-related fatigue (2018)
Journal Article

Using a Wizard-of-Oz approach, we explored the effectiveness of engaging drivers in conversation with a digital assistant as an operational strategy to combat the symptoms of passive task-related fatigue. Twenty participants undertook two 30-minute d... Read More about Driven to discussion: engaging drivers in conversation with a digital assistant as a countermeasure to passive task-related fatigue.

Exploring the relationship between false alarms and driver acceptance of a pedestrian alert system during simulated driving (2017)
Presentation / Conference

n-vehicle pedestrian-alert-systems (PASs) can be prone to ‘false positive’ declarations, with the likelihood of false interventions increasing as time-to-collision (TTC) extends. A high number of false alarms can annoy drivers and lead to poor acc... Read More about Exploring the relationship between false alarms and driver acceptance of a pedestrian alert system during simulated driving.

Design Implications of Drivers’ Engagement with Secondary Activities During Highly-Automated Driving – A Longitudinal Simulator Study (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Highly-automated vehicles will provide the freedom for drivers to engage in secondary activities while the vehicle is in control. However, little is known regarding the nature of activities that drivers will undertake, and how these may impact driver... Read More about Design Implications of Drivers’ Engagement with Secondary Activities During Highly-Automated Driving – A Longitudinal Simulator Study.

Putting the Joy in Driving: Investigating the Use of a Joystick as an Alternative to Traditional Controls within Future Autonomous Vehicles (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Unencumbered by the need to provide permanent manual control, future autonomous vehicles may be absent of traditional driving elements, such as a steering wheel and foot-pedals. While this provides additional space/comfort for drivers, an alternative... Read More about Putting the Joy in Driving: Investigating the Use of a Joystick as an Alternative to Traditional Controls within Future Autonomous Vehicles.

Capturing cultural differences between UK and Malaysian drivers to inform the design of in-vehicle navigation systems (2017)
Journal Article

Attending to cultural diversity is important for products and technology intended for global placement, such as automobiles, yet many products (and associated interfaces) lack genuine cultural differentiation. For example, in-vehicle navigation syste... Read More about Capturing cultural differences between UK and Malaysian drivers to inform the design of in-vehicle navigation systems.

A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Explore Drivers’ Behaviour During Highly-Automated Driving (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Six experienced drivers each undertook five 30-min journeys (portrayed as ‘daily commutes’ i.e. one on each of five consecutive weekdays) in a medium-fidelity driving-simulator engineered to mimic a highly-automated vehicle. Participants were encoura... Read More about A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Explore Drivers’ Behaviour During Highly-Automated Driving.

Augmenting landmarks during the head-up provision of in-vehicle navigation advice (2017)
Journal Article

The use of landmarks during the provision of directions can greatly improve drivers’ route-following performance. However, the successful integration of landmarks within in-vehicle navigation systems is predicated on the acquisition and deployment of... Read More about Augmenting landmarks during the head-up provision of in-vehicle navigation advice.

Train driving simulator studies: can novice drivers deliver the goods? (2017)
Journal Article

Early research suggests that, in a simulated train-driving environment, unskilled, novice drivers may exhibit comparable behaviour and performance to experienced, professional train drivers after receiving only minimal, task-specific training. Howeve... Read More about Train driving simulator studies: can novice drivers deliver the goods?.

Steering the conversation: a linguistic exploration of natural language interactions with a digital assistant during simulated driving (2017)
Journal Article

Given the proliferation of ‘intelligent’ and ‘socially-aware’ digital assistants embodying everyday mobile technology – and the undeniable logic that utilising voice-activated controls and interfaces in cars reduces the visual and manual distraction... Read More about Steering the conversation: a linguistic exploration of natural language interactions with a digital assistant during simulated driving.

Developing predictive equations to model the visual demand of in-vehicle touchscreen HMIs (2017)
Journal Article

Touchscreen HMIs are commonly employed as the primary control interface and touch-point of vehicles. However, there has been very little theoretical work to model the demand associated with such devices in the automotive domain. Instead, touchscreen... Read More about Developing predictive equations to model the visual demand of in-vehicle touchscreen HMIs.

Exploring the Behaviour of Distracted Drivers during Different Levels of Automation in Driving (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Increased levels of automation in driving can reduce drivers’ situation-awareness and cause erratic changes to workload and skills degradation following prolonged exposure. In addition, drivers (particularly those who are vulnerable to the onset of b... Read More about Exploring the Behaviour of Distracted Drivers during Different Levels of Automation in Driving.

A predictive model of the visual demand associated with in-vehicle touchscreens (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Touchscreen-HMIs are increasingly popular within vehicles. Understanding the likely visual demand of new designs is therefore important but typically requires time-consuming and costly testing with functioning prototypes. Theoretical modelling allows... Read More about A predictive model of the visual demand associated with in-vehicle touchscreens.

Exploring two interaction mechanisms for in-vehicle touch screens: Peripheral Vision and Muscle Memory (2017)
Presentation / Conference

There is a need to understand how in-vehicle touchscreens can be designed to minimise “eyes off road” time. We investigated the relative effects of two mechanisms shown to be relevant to visual behaviour when driving, but previously not considered to... Read More about Exploring two interaction mechanisms for in-vehicle touch screens: Peripheral Vision and Muscle Memory.

Stimulating Conversation: Engaging Drivers in Natural Language Interactions with an Autonomous Digital Driving Assistant to Counteract Passive Task-Related Fatigue (2017)
Conference Proceeding

Engaging in conversation has been shown to be an effective countermeasure to passive task-related fatigue. To investigate the effectiveness of a digital assistant to fulfil the role of conversational partner in counteracting driver fatigue, twenty pa... Read More about Stimulating Conversation: Engaging Drivers in Natural Language Interactions with an Autonomous Digital Driving Assistant to Counteract Passive Task-Related Fatigue.

Assessing Cognitive Demand during Natural Language Interactions with a Digital Driving Assistant (2016)
Conference Proceeding

Given the proliferation of digital assistants in everyday mobile technology, it appears inevitable that next generation vehicles will be embodied by similar agents, offering engaging, natural language interactions. However, speech can be cognitively... Read More about Assessing Cognitive Demand during Natural Language Interactions with a Digital Driving Assistant.

Twist It, Touch It, Push It, Swipe It: Evaluating Secondary Input Devices for Use with an Automotive Touchscreen HMI (2016)
Conference Proceeding

Touchscreen Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) inherently demand some visual attention. By employing a secondary device, to work in unison with a touchscreen, some of this demand may be alleviated. In a medium-fidelity driving simulator, twenty-four dri... Read More about Twist It, Touch It, Push It, Swipe It: Evaluating Secondary Input Devices for Use with an Automotive Touchscreen HMI.

Augmented Mirrors: Depth Judgments When Augmenting Video Displays to Replace Automotive Mirrors (2016)
Journal Article

This study investigates the effects of Augmented Reality (AR) graphics on a drivers’ distance estimation and depth perception when using a video-based, AR-enhanced driver’s side mirror. Sixteen participants took part in the study, eight in a driving... Read More about Augmented Mirrors: Depth Judgments When Augmenting Video Displays to Replace Automotive Mirrors.

A driving simulator study to explore the effects of text size on the visual demand of in-vehicle displays (2016)
Journal Article

Modern vehicles increasingly utilise a large display within the centre console, often with touchscreen capability, to enable access to a wide range of driving and non-driving-related functionality. The text provided on such displays can vary consider... Read More about A driving simulator study to explore the effects of text size on the visual demand of in-vehicle displays.

Crowdsourcing good landmarks for in-vehicle navigation systems (2016)
Journal Article

Augmenting navigation systems with landmarks has been posited as a method of improving the effectiveness of the technology and enhancing drivers’ engagement with the environment. However, good navigational landmarks are both laborious to collect and... Read More about Crowdsourcing good landmarks for in-vehicle navigation systems.

Driving without wings: the effect of different digital mirror locations on the visual behaviour, performance and opinions of drivers (2016)
Journal Article

Drivers' awareness of the rearward road scene is critical when contemplating or executing lane-change manoeuvres, such as overtaking. Preliminary investigations have speculated on the use of rear-facing cameras to relay images to displays mounted ins... Read More about Driving without wings: the effect of different digital mirror locations on the visual behaviour, performance and opinions of drivers.

Applying NHTSA task acceptance criteria to different simulated driving scenarios (2015)
Conference Proceeding

Driver distraction is a major contributor to road traffic accidents. Consequently, NHTSA have published detailed guidelines intended to discourage the introduction of excessively distracting electronic devices in vehicles. However, concerns have been... Read More about Applying NHTSA task acceptance criteria to different simulated driving scenarios.

An investigation of augmented reality presentations of landmark-based navigation using a head-up display (2015)
Conference Proceeding

Using landmark-based navigation can greatly improve drivers’ route-finding performance. Previous research in this area has tended to focus on the inclusion of text or icon-based landmark information utilising dashboard-mounted displays. In contrast,... Read More about An investigation of augmented reality presentations of landmark-based navigation using a head-up display.

Comparing the NHTSA and ISO occlusion test protocols: how many participants are sufficient? (2015)
Conference Proceeding

Occlusion is a popular technique used to evaluate the visual demand associated with secondary tasks/devices in a driving context offering a low cost, highly accessible alternative to driving simulators and on-road studies. Several standardised occlus... Read More about Comparing the NHTSA and ISO occlusion test protocols: how many participants are sufficient?.

Predicting the visual demand of finger-touch pointing tasks in a driving context (2015)
Conference Proceeding

Finger-touch based interactions with capacitive touchscreen devices in cars are becoming increasingly common. As such, it is critical to understand the basic human factors of target acquisition (pointing/touching) in this context. We describe a simul... Read More about Predicting the visual demand of finger-touch pointing tasks in a driving context.

The effect of different navigation voices on trust and attention while using in-vehicle navigation systems (2014)
Journal Article

Introduction Automobiles are suffused with computers and technology designed to support drivers at all levels of the driving hierarchy. Classic secondary devices, such as in-vehicle navigation systems (IVNS), present strategic and tactical informati... Read More about The effect of different navigation voices on trust and attention while using in-vehicle navigation systems.

A comparison of resistive and capacitive touchscreens for use within vehicles (2013)
Journal Article

Vehicles are increasingly utilising technologies developed in non-automotive domains. In this respect, capacitive touchscreens are familiar to smartphone and tablet computer users enabling a wide range of single and multi-touch gestures, but have not... Read More about A comparison of resistive and capacitive touchscreens for use within vehicles.

A study of unidirectional swipe gestures on in-vehicle touch screens (2013)
Conference Proceeding

Touch screens are increasingly used within modern vehicles, providing the potential for a range of gestures to facilitate interaction under divided attention conditions. This paper describes a study aiming to understand how drivers naturally make swi... Read More about A study of unidirectional swipe gestures on in-vehicle touch screens.

Drivers' preferences and emotional responses to satellite navigation voices (2013)
Journal Article

Auditory experiences in vehicles are shaped not only by engine and road noise, but also by the technology used by drivers. The ubiquitous satellite navigation system (satnav) is an easily accessible and widely used device which produces realistic voc... Read More about Drivers' preferences and emotional responses to satellite navigation voices.