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Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke (2008)
Journal Article
Sacco, R. L., Diener, H., Yusuf, S., Cotton, D., Ounpuu, S., Lawton, W. A., …Yoon, B. (2008). Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(12), 1238-1251. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805002

Background: Recurrent stroke is a frequent, disabling event after ischemic stroke. This study compared the efficacy and safety of two antiplatelet regimens — aspirin plus extended release dipyridamole (ASA–ERDP) versus clopidogrel. Methods: In this... Read More about Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke.

Use of ordinal outcomes in vascular prevention trials: comparison with binary outcomes in published trials (2008)
Journal Article
Bath, P. M., Geeganage, C., Gray, L. J., Collier, T., & Pocock, S. (2008). Use of ordinal outcomes in vascular prevention trials: comparison with binary outcomes in published trials. Stroke, 39(10), https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.509893

Background and Purpose—Vascular prevention trials mostly count “yes/no” (binary) outcome events, eg, stroke/no stroke. Analysis of ordered categorical vascular events (eg, fatal stroke/nonfatal stroke/no stroke) is clinically relevant and could be... Read More about Use of ordinal outcomes in vascular prevention trials: comparison with binary outcomes in published trials.

Calculation of sample size for stroke trials assessing functional outcome: comparison of binary and ordinal approaches (2008)
Journal Article
The Optimising Analysis of Stroke Trials Collaboration, O. (2008). Calculation of sample size for stroke trials assessing functional outcome: comparison of binary and ordinal approaches. International Journal of Stroke, 3(2),

Background Many acute stroke trials have given neutral results. Sub-optimal statistical analyses may be failing to detect efficacy. Methods which take account of the ordinal nature of functional outcome data are more efficient. We compare sample... Read More about Calculation of sample size for stroke trials assessing functional outcome: comparison of binary and ordinal approaches.

Empirical evidence of bias in the design of experimental stroke studies: a metaepidemiologic approach (2008)
Journal Article
Crossley, N. A., Sena, E. S., Goehler, J., Horn, J., van der Worp, H. B., Bath, P. M., …Dirnagl, U. (2008). Empirical evidence of bias in the design of experimental stroke studies: a metaepidemiologic approach. Stroke, 39, https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.498725

Background and Purpose: At least part of the failure in the transition from experimental to clinical studies in stroke has been attributed to the imprecision introduced by problems in the design of experimental stroke studies. Using a metaepidemiolog... Read More about Empirical evidence of bias in the design of experimental stroke studies: a metaepidemiologic approach.

Stroke outcome in clinical trial patients deriving from different countries (2008)
Journal Article
Ali, M., Atula, S., Bath, P. M., Grotta, J., Hacke, W., Lyden, P. D., …Lees, K. R. (2008). Stroke outcome in clinical trial patients deriving from different countries. Stroke, 40(1), https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.518035

Background and Purpose—Stroke incidence and outcome vary widely within and across geographical locations. We examined whether differences in index stroke severity, stroke risk factors, mortality, and stroke outcome across geographical locations rem... Read More about Stroke outcome in clinical trial patients deriving from different countries.

Predicting long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a simple index works in patients from controlled clinical trials (2008)
Journal Article
Konig, I., Ziegler, A., Bluhmki, E., Hacke, W., Bath, P. M., Sacco, R. L., …Weimar, C. (2008). Predicting long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a simple index works in patients from controlled clinical trials. Stroke,

Background and Purpose—An early and reliable prognosis for recovery in stroke patients is important for initiation of individual treatment and for informing patients and relatives. We recently developed and validated models for predicting survival a... Read More about Predicting long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a simple index works in patients from controlled clinical trials.

A randomised controlled trial of triple antiplatelet therapy (Aspirin, Clopidogrel and Dipyridamole) in the secondary prevention of stroke: safety, tolerability and feasibility (2008)
Journal Article
Sprigg, N., Gray, L. J., England, T. J., Wilmot, M. R., Zhao, L., Sare, G. M., & Bath, P. M. (2008). A randomised controlled trial of triple antiplatelet therapy (Aspirin, Clopidogrel and Dipyridamole) in the secondary prevention of stroke: safety, tolerability and feasibility. PLoS ONE, 3(8),

Background: Aspirin, dipyridamole and clopidogrel are effective in secondary vascular prevention. Combination therapy with three antiplatelet agents might maximise the benefit of antiplatelet treatment in the secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke.... Read More about A randomised controlled trial of triple antiplatelet therapy (Aspirin, Clopidogrel and Dipyridamole) in the secondary prevention of stroke: safety, tolerability and feasibility.

A novel antimicrobial peptide on the ocular surface shows decreased expression in inflammation and infection (2008)
Journal Article
Abedin, A., Mohammed, I., Hopkinson, A., & Dua, H. S. (2008). A novel antimicrobial peptide on the ocular surface shows decreased expression in inflammation and infection. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(1), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-0645

PURPOSE: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are cationic host defense peptides with microbicidal and cell-signaling properties. They show promise as potential therapeutic agents. In the present study, a beta-defensin AMP gene was isolated from the ocular... Read More about A novel antimicrobial peptide on the ocular surface shows decreased expression in inflammation and infection.

Repeated novel cage exposure-induced improvement of early Alzheimer's-like cognitive and amyloid changes in TASTPM mice is unrelated to changes in brain endocannabinoids levels (2007)
Journal Article
Pardon, M. C., Sarmad, S., Rattray, I., Bates, T. E., Scullion, G. A., Marsden, C. A., …Kendall, D. A. (2007). Repeated novel cage exposure-induced improvement of early Alzheimer's-like cognitive and amyloid changes in TASTPM mice is unrelated to changes in brain endocannabinoids levels. Neurobiology of Aging, 30(7), 1099-1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.002

Environmental factors (e.g. stress, exercise, enrichment) are thought to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease later in life. We investigated the influence of repeated novel cage exposure on the development of early Alzheimer's-like p... Read More about Repeated novel cage exposure-induced improvement of early Alzheimer's-like cognitive and amyloid changes in TASTPM mice is unrelated to changes in brain endocannabinoids levels.

Should data monitoring committees assess efficacy when considering safety in trails in acute stroke? (2007)
Journal Article
Bath, P. M., Gray, L. J., & Wahlgren, N. (2007). Should data monitoring committees assess efficacy when considering safety in trails in acute stroke?. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 61(10),

The primary role of a trials Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) is to ensure the safety of enrolled patients. In stroke trials, safety is monitored typically by comparing death and stroke specific events between treatment groups. DMCs may also have the... Read More about Should data monitoring committees assess efficacy when considering safety in trails in acute stroke?.

Sex differences in quality of life in stroke survivors. Data from the Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (TAIST) (2007)
Journal Article
Gray, L. J., Sprigg, N., Bath, P. M., Boysen, G., De Deyn, P. P., Leys, D., …Ringelstein, B. (2007). Sex differences in quality of life in stroke survivors. Data from the Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (TAIST). Stroke, 38, https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.488304

Introduction: Female sex is predictive of poor functional outcome in stroke, even after correction for prognostic factors. Poor quality of life (QoL) is observed in stroke survivors, with lower scores seen in the most disabled patients. We used data... Read More about Sex differences in quality of life in stroke survivors. Data from the Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (TAIST).

The Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (2007)
Journal Article
Myzoon, A., Bath, P. M., Curram, J., Davis, S. M., Diener, H., Donnan, G. A., …Lees, K. R. (2007). The Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. Stroke, 38(6),

Background and Purpose - Stroke has global importance and it causes an increasing amount of human suffering and economic burden, but its management is far from optimal. The unsuccessful outcome of several research programs highlights the need for r... Read More about The Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive.

Can we improve the statistical analysis of stroke trials? Statistical re-analysis of functional outcomes in stroke trials (2007)
Journal Article
Bath, P. M., & Optimising Analysis of Stroke Trials Collaboration, O. (2007). Can we improve the statistical analysis of stroke trials? Statistical re-analysis of functional outcomes in stroke trials. Stroke, 38(6), https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.474080

Background and Purpose—Most large acute stroke trials have been neutral. Functional outcome is usually analyzed usinga yes or no answer, eg, death or dependency versus independence. We assessed which statistical approaches are mostefficient in analyz... Read More about Can we improve the statistical analysis of stroke trials? Statistical re-analysis of functional outcomes in stroke trials.

Stroke severity, early recovery and outcome are each related with clinical classification of stroke: data from the 'Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (TAIST) (2007)
Journal Article
Sprigg, N., Gray, L. J., Bath, P. M., Lindenstrom, E., Boysen, G., De Deyn, P. P., …Ringelstein, B. (2007). Stroke severity, early recovery and outcome are each related with clinical classification of stroke: data from the 'Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (TAIST). Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 254(1-2),

Introduction: Baseline severity and clinical stroke syndrome (Oxford Community Stroke Project, OCSP) classification are predictors of outcome in stroke. We used data from the ‘Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial’ (TAIST) to assess the relation... Read More about Stroke severity, early recovery and outcome are each related with clinical classification of stroke: data from the 'Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (TAIST).

Unruptured arteriovenous malformations of the brain (2007)
Journal Article
Al-Shahi Salman, R., Mast, H., & Stapf, C. (2007). Unruptured arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, 6(6),

Unruptured, asymptomatic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) lurk in the brains of approximately one person in every thousand; their prevalence, based on four studies of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 7,359 people without brain disorders, 1-4 was... Read More about Unruptured arteriovenous malformations of the brain.