A systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression of the global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild marine mammals and associations with epidemiological variables

Li, Man‐Yao; Gao, Xiao‐Nan; Ma, Jun‐Yang; Elsheikha, Hany M.; Cong, Wei

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild marine mammals is a growing problem and is associated with adverse impacts on marine animal and public health. This systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression estimates the global prevalence of T. gondii infection in wild marine mammals and analyses the association between T. gondii infection and epidemiological variables. PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data databases were searched until 30 May 2021. Eighty-four studies (n = 14,931 wild marine mammals from 15 families) were identified from literature. The overall pooled prevalence of T. gondii infection was 22.44% [3848/14,931; 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.29–28.04]. The prevalence in adult animals 21.88% (798/3119; 95% CI: 13.40–31.59) was higher than in the younger age groups. North America had a higher prevalence 29.92% (2756/9243; 95% CI: 21.77–38.77) compared with other continents. At the country level, the highest prevalence was found in Spain 44.26% (19/88; 95%CI: 5.21–88.54). Regarding climatic variables, the highest prevalence was found in areas with a mean annual temperature >20°C 36.28% (171/562; 95% CI: 6.36–73.61) and areas with an annual precipitation > 800 mm 26.92% (1341/5042; 95% CI: 18.20–36.59). The subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that study-level covariates, including age, country, continent, and mean temperature, partly explained the between-study heterogeneity. Further studies are needed to investigate the source of terrestrial to aquatic dissemination of T. gondii oocysts, the fate of this parasite in marine habitat and its effects on wild marine mammals.

Citation

Li, M., Gao, X., Ma, J., Elsheikha, H. M., & Cong, W. (2022). A systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression of the global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild marine mammals and associations with epidemiological variables. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(5), e1213-e1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14493

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Feb 20, 2022
• Online Publication Date: Feb 23, 2022
• Publication Date: 2022-09
• Deposit Date: Mar 28, 2022
• Publicly Available Date: Feb 24, 2023
• Journal: Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
• Print ISSN: 1865-1674
• Electronic ISSN: 1865-1682
• Publisher: Wiley
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 69
• Issue: 5
• Pages: e1213-e1230
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14493
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/7612068
• Publisher URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tbed.14493
• Additional Information: This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Li, M.-Y., Gao, X.-N., Ma, J.-Y., Elsheikha, H. M., & Cong, W. (2022). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild marine mammals and associations with epidemiological variables. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14493. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library.