Comparing the performance of the novel FAMCAT algorithms and established case-finding criteria for familial hypercholesterolaemia in primary care

Qureshi, Nadeem; Akyea, Ralph K; Dutton, Brittany; Leonardi-Bee, Jo; Humphries, Steve E.; Weng, Stephen; Kai, Joe

Abstract

Objective Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a common inherited disorder causing premature coronary heart disease (CHD) and death. We have developed the novel Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Case Ascertainment Tool (FAMCAT 1) case-finding algorithm for application in primary care, to improve detection of FH. The performance of this algorithm was further improved by including personal history of premature CHD (FAMCAT 2 algorithm). This study has evaluated their performance, at 95% specificity, to detect genetically confirmed FH in the general population. We also compared these algorithms to established clinical case-finding criteria. Methods Prospective validation study, in 14 general practices, recruiting participants from the general adult population with cholesterol documented. For 260 participants with available health records, we determined possible FH cases based on FAMCAT thresholds, Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) score, Simon-Broome criteria and recommended cholesterol thresholds (total cholesterol >9.0 mmol/L if ≥30 years or >7.5 mmol/L if <30 years), using clinical data from electronic and manual extraction of patient records and family history questionnaires. The reference standard was genetic testing. We examined detection rate (DR), sensitivity and specificity for each case-finding criteria. Results At 95% specificity, FAMCAT 1 had a DR of 27.8% (95% CI 12.5% to 50.9%) with sensitivity of 31.2% (95% CI 11.0% to 58.7%); while FAMCAT 2 had a DR of 45.8% (95% CI 27.9% to 64.9%) with sensitivity of 68.8% (95% CI 41.3% to 89.0%). DLCN score ≥6 points yielded a DR of 35.3% (95% CI 17.3% to 58.7%) and sensitivity of 37.5% (95% CI 15.2% to 64.6%). Using recommended cholesterol thresholds resulted in DR of 28.0% (95% CI 14.3% to 47.6%) with sensitivity of 43.8% (95% CI 19.8% to 70.1%). Simon-Broome criteria had lower DR 11.3% (95% CI 6.0% to 20.0%) and specificity 70.9% (95% CI 64.8% to 76.5%) but higher sensitivity of 56.3% (95% CI 29.9% to 80.2%). Conclusions In primary care, in patients with cholesterol documented, FAMCAT 2 performs better than other case-finding criteria for detecting genetically confirmed FH, with no prior clinical review required for case finding. Trial registration number NCT03934320.

Citation

Qureshi, N., Akyea, R. K., Dutton, B., Leonardi-Bee, J., Humphries, S. E., Weng, S., & Kai, J. (2021). Comparing the performance of the novel FAMCAT algorithms and established case-finding criteria for familial hypercholesterolaemia in primary care. Open Heart, 8(2), Article e001752. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001752

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Sep 7, 2021
• Online Publication Date: Oct 11, 2021
• Publication Date: Oct 11, 2021
• Deposit Date: Oct 14, 2021
• Publicly Available Date: Oct 15, 2021
• Journal: Open Heart
• Electronic ISSN: 2053-3624
• Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 8
• Issue: 2
• Article Number: e001752
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001752
• Keywords: Familial Hypercholesterolaemia, Primary care, Case-finding, Genetic testing, Sensitivity
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/6348691
• Publisher URL: https://openheart.bmj.com/content/8/2/e001752