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Environmental hypoxia favors myoblast differentiation and fast phenotype but blunts activation of protein synthesis after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle (2018)
Journal Article
Gnimassou, O., Fernández-Verdejo, R., Brook, M., Naslain, D., Balan, E., Sayda, M., Cegielski, J., Nielens, H., Decottignies, A., Demoulin, J.-B., Smith, K., Atherton, P. J., Francaux, M., & Deldicque, L. (2018). Environmental hypoxia favors myoblast differentiation and fast phenotype but blunts activation of protein synthesis after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle. FASEB Journal, 32, https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201800049rr

We hypothesized that a single session of resistance exercise performed in moderate hypoxic (FiO2: 14%) environmental conditions would potentiate the anabolic response during the recovery period spent in normoxia. Twenty subjects performed a 1-leg kne... Read More about Environmental hypoxia favors myoblast differentiation and fast phenotype but blunts activation of protein synthesis after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle.

Effects of sprint interval training on ectopic lipids and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (2018)
Journal Article
Sargeant, J. A., Bawden, S., Aithal, G. P., Simpson, E. J., Macdonald, I. A., Turner, M. C., Cegielski, J., Smith, K., Dorling, J. L., Gowland, P. A., Nimmo, M. A., & King, J. A. (2018). Effects of sprint interval training on ectopic lipids and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(4), 817-828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3818-y

Purpose: This study examined the feasibility of sprint interval exercise training (SIT) for men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its effects on intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG), insulin sensitivity (hepatic and peripheral), visceral... Read More about Effects of sprint interval training on ectopic lipids and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Human skeletal muscle is refractory to the anabolic effects of leucine during the postprandial muscle-full period in older men (2017)
Journal Article
Mitchell, W. K., Phillips, B. E., Hill, I., Greenhaff, P. L., Lund, J. N., Williams, J. P., Rankin, D., Wilkinson, D. J., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2017). Human skeletal muscle is refractory to the anabolic effects of leucine during the postprandial muscle-full period in older men. Clinical Science, 131(21), https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20171230

Leucine modulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with potential to facilitate accrual/maintenance of muscle mass. Animal models suggest that leucine boluses shortly after meals may prolong MPS and delay onset of a “muscle-full” state. However, the e... Read More about Human skeletal muscle is refractory to the anabolic effects of leucine during the postprandial muscle-full period in older men.

A novel puromycin decorporation method to quantify skeletal muscle protein breakdown: a proof-of-concept study (2017)
Journal Article
Crossland, H., Smith, K., Atherton, P. J., & Wilkinson, D. J. (2017). A novel puromycin decorporation method to quantify skeletal muscle protein breakdown: a proof-of-concept study. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 494(3-4), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.085

The precise roles that the major proteolytic pathways play in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass remain incompletely understood, in part due to technical limitations associated with current techniques used to quantify muscle protein breakdown (MP... Read More about A novel puromycin decorporation method to quantify skeletal muscle protein breakdown: a proof-of-concept study.

Impact of the calcium form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate upon human skeletal muscle protein metabolism (2017)
Journal Article
Wilkinson, D. J., Hossain, T., Limb, M. C., Phillips, B. E., Lund, J., Williams, J. P., Brook, M. S., Cegielski, J., Philp, A., Ashcroft, S., Rathmacher, J. A., Szewczyk, N. J., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2018). Impact of the calcium form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate upon human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Clinical Nutrition, 37(6), 2068-2075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.024

Background & aims: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is purported as a key nutritional supplement for the preservation of muscle mass in health, disease and as an ergogenic aid in exercise. Of the two available forms of HMB (calcium (Ca-HMB) salt or f... Read More about Impact of the calcium form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate upon human skeletal muscle protein metabolism.

Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid and whey protein bolus dosing upon skeletal muscle protein synthesis at rest and after exercise in older women (2017)
Journal Article
Wilkinson, D. J., Bukhari, S. S., Phillips, B. E., Limb, M. C., Cegielski, J., Brook, M. S., Rankin, D., Mitchell, W. K., Kobayashi, H., Lund, J., Williams, J. P., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2018). Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid and whey protein bolus dosing upon skeletal muscle protein synthesis at rest and after exercise in older women. Clinical Nutrition, 37(6), 2011-2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.008

© 2017 The Authors Background & aims: Impaired anabolic responses to nutrition and exercise contribute to loss of skeletal muscle mass with ageing (sarcopenia). Here, we tested responses of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), in the under represented gr... Read More about Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid and whey protein bolus dosing upon skeletal muscle protein synthesis at rest and after exercise in older women.

The efficacy of unsupervised home-based exercise regimens in comparison to supervised lab-based exercise training upon cardio-respiratory health facets (2017)
Journal Article
Blackwell, J., Atherton, P. J., Smith, K., Doleman, B., Williams, J. P., Lund, J. N., & Phillips, B. E. (2017). The efficacy of unsupervised home-based exercise regimens in comparison to supervised lab-based exercise training upon cardio-respiratory health facets. Physiological Reports, 5(16), Article e13390. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13390

Supervised high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can rapidly improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, the effectiveness of time-efficient unsupervised home-based interventions is unknown. Eighteen volunteers completed either: laboratory-HI... Read More about The efficacy of unsupervised home-based exercise regimens in comparison to supervised lab-based exercise training upon cardio-respiratory health facets.

A 4-week, lifestyle-integrated, home-based exercise training programme elicits improvements in physical function and lean mass in older men and women: a pilot study (2017)
Journal Article
Cegielski, J., Brook, M. S., Quinlan, J. I., Wilkinson, D. J., Smith, K., Atherton, P. J., & Phillips, B. E. (2017). A 4-week, lifestyle-integrated, home-based exercise training programme elicits improvements in physical function and lean mass in older men and women: a pilot study. F1000Research, https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11894.2

Background: Developing alternative exercise programmes that can alleviate certain barriers to exercise such as psychological, environmental or socio-economical barriers, but provide similar physiological benefits e.g. increases in muscle mass and str... Read More about A 4-week, lifestyle-integrated, home-based exercise training programme elicits improvements in physical function and lean mass in older men and women: a pilot study.

Physiological adaptations to resistance exercise as a function of age (2017)
Journal Article
Phillips, B. E., Williams, J. P., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2017). Physiological adaptations to resistance exercise as a function of age. JCI insight, 2(17), Article e95581. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.95581

BACKGROUND.

The impact of resistance exercise training (RE-T) across the life span is poorly defined.

METHODS.

To resolve this, we recruited three distinct age cohorts of young (18–28 years; n = 11), middle-aged (45–55 years; n = 20), and... Read More about Physiological adaptations to resistance exercise as a function of age.

Recent developments in deuterium oxide tracer approaches to measure rates of substrate turnover: implications for protein, lipid, and nucleic acid research (2017)
Journal Article
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Atherton, P. J., & Smith, K. (2017). Recent developments in deuterium oxide tracer approaches to measure rates of substrate turnover: implications for protein, lipid, and nucleic acid research. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 20(5), https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000392

Purpose of review: Methods that inform on dynamic metabolism that can be applied to clinical populations to understand disease progression and responses to therapeutic interventions are of great importance. This review perspective will highlight rece... Read More about Recent developments in deuterium oxide tracer approaches to measure rates of substrate turnover: implications for protein, lipid, and nucleic acid research.

A novel D2O tracer method to quantify RNA turnover as a biomarker of de novo ribosomal biogenesis, in vitro, in animal models, and in human skeletal muscle (2017)
Journal Article
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D., Mitchell, W. K., Lund, J. N., Phillips, B. E., Szewczyk, N. J., Kainulainen, H., Lensu, S., Koch, L., Britton, S., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2017). A novel D2O tracer method to quantify RNA turnover as a biomarker of de novo ribosomal biogenesis, in vitro, in animal models, and in human skeletal muscle. AJP - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 313(6), Article E681-E689. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00157.2017

Current methods to quantify in vivo RNA dynamics are limited. Here, we developed a novel stable isotope (D2O) methodology to quantify RNA synthesis (i.e., ribosomal biogenesis) in cells, animal models, and humans. First, proliferating C2C12 cells wer... Read More about A novel D2O tracer method to quantify RNA turnover as a biomarker of de novo ribosomal biogenesis, in vitro, in animal models, and in human skeletal muscle.

Muscle and Tendon Contributions to Reduced Rate of Torque Development in Healthy Older Males (2017)
Journal Article
Quinlan, J. I., Maganaris, C. N., Franchi, M. V., Smith, K., Atherton, P. J., Szewczyk, N. J., Greenhaff, P. L., Phillips, B. E., Blackwell, J. I., Boereboom, C., Williams, J. P., Lund, J., & Narici, M. V. (2018). Muscle and Tendon Contributions to Reduced Rate of Torque Development in Healthy Older Males. Journals of Gerontology, Series A, 73(4), 539-545. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx149

Synchronous deficits in cumulative muscle protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis underlie age-related anabolic resistance to exercise in humans (2016)
Journal Article
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Mitchell, W. K., Lund, J. N., Phillips, B. E., Szewczyk, N. J., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2016). Synchronous deficits in cumulative muscle protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis underlie age-related anabolic resistance to exercise in humans. Journal of Physiology, 594(24), 7399-7417. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP272857

Ageing is associated with impaired hypertrophic responses to resistance exercise training (RET). Here we investigated the aetiology of ‘anabolic resistance’ in older humans. Twenty healthy male individuals, 10 younger (Y; 23 ± 1 years) and 10 older (... Read More about Synchronous deficits in cumulative muscle protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis underlie age-related anabolic resistance to exercise in humans.

Supplementing essential amino acids with the nitric oxide precursor, l-arginine, enhances skeletal muscle perfusion without impacting anabolism in older men (2016)
Journal Article
Mitchell, W. K., Phillips, B. E., Wilkinson, D. J., Williams, J. P., Rankin, D., Lund, J. N., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2017). Supplementing essential amino acids with the nitric oxide precursor, l-arginine, enhances skeletal muscle perfusion without impacting anabolism in older men. Clinical Nutrition, 36(6), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.031

Postprandial limb blood flow and skeletal muscle microvascular perfusion reduce with aging. Here we tested the impact of providing bolus essential amino acids (EAA) in the presence and absence of the nitric oxide precursor, l-Arginine (ARG), upon ske... Read More about Supplementing essential amino acids with the nitric oxide precursor, l-arginine, enhances skeletal muscle perfusion without impacting anabolism in older men.

Human Skeletal Muscle Disuse Atrophy: Effects on Muscle Protein Synthesis, Breakdown, and Insulin Resistance—A Qualitative Review (2016)
Journal Article
Rudrappa, S. S., Wilkinson, D., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., Idris, I., & Atherton, P. J. (2016). Human Skeletal Muscle Disuse Atrophy: Effects on Muscle Protein Synthesis, Breakdown, and Insulin Resistance—A Qualitative Review. Frontiers in Physiology, 7(361), https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00361

The ever increasing burden of an ageing population and pandemic of metabolic syndrome worldwide demands further understanding of the modifiable risk factors in reducing disability and morbidity associated with these conditions. Disuse skeletal muscle... Read More about Human Skeletal Muscle Disuse Atrophy: Effects on Muscle Protein Synthesis, Breakdown, and Insulin Resistance—A Qualitative Review.

Metformin Increases Cortisol Regeneration by 11βHSD1 in Obese Men With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2016)
Journal Article
Anderson, A. J., Andrew, R., Homer, N. Z., Jones, G. C., Smith, K., Livingstone, D. E., Walker, B. R., & Stimson, R. H. (2016). Metformin Increases Cortisol Regeneration by 11βHSD1 in Obese Men With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 101(10), 3787-3793. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2069

CONTEXT:
The mechanism of action of metformin remains unclear. Given the regulation of the cortisol-regenerating enzyme 11βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1) by insulin and the limited efficacy of selective 11βHSD1 inhibitors to lower blood gl... Read More about Metformin Increases Cortisol Regeneration by 11βHSD1 in Obese Men With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Human Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism Responses to Amino Acid Nutrition (2016)
Journal Article
Mitchell, W. K., Wilkinson, D. J., Phillips, B. E., Lund, J. N., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2016). Human Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism Responses to Amino Acid Nutrition. Advances in Nutrition, 7(4), 828S-838S. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.011650

Healthy individuals maintain remarkably constant skeletal muscle mass across much of adult life, suggesting the existence of robust homeostatic mechanisms. Muscle exists in dynamic equilibrium whereby the influx of amino acids (AAs) and the resulting... Read More about Human Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism Responses to Amino Acid Nutrition.

Mitochondrial function and dynamics imaged in vivo (2016)
Book Chapter
Chisholm, K., Peters, F., Schiza, D. G., Sadeghian, M., & Smith, K. (2016). Mitochondrial function and dynamics imaged in vivo. In A. K. Reeve, E. M. Simcox, M. R. Duchen, & D. M. Turnbull (Eds.), Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disorders (329-345). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28637-2_14

The previous chapters have described the extraordinary depth of knowledge of mitochondrial biology revealed by in vitro observations where the environment can be closely controlled. However, in recent years there has been increased interest in the st... Read More about Mitochondrial function and dynamics imaged in vivo.

An overview of technical considerations for Western blotting applications to physiological research (2016)
Journal Article
Bass, J. J., Wilkinson, D. J., Rankin, D., Phillips, B. E., Szewczyk, N. J., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (in press). An overview of technical considerations for Western blotting applications to physiological research. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 27(1), https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12702

The applications of Western/immuno-blotting (WB) techniques have reached multiple layers of the scientific community and are now considered routine procedures in the field of physiology. This is none more so than in relation to skeletal muscle physio... Read More about An overview of technical considerations for Western blotting applications to physiological research.