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Molecular classification of breast cancer: what the pathologist needs to know (2016)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., & Green, A. R. (2017). Molecular classification of breast cancer: what the pathologist needs to know. Pathology, 49(2), 111-119. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2016.10.012

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease featuring distinct histological, molecular and clinical phenotypes. Although traditional classification systems utilising clinicopathological and few molecular markers are well established and validated, they... Read More about Molecular classification of breast cancer: what the pathologist needs to know.

Diagnostic concordance of breast pathologists: lessons from the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme Pathology External Quality Assurance Scheme (2016)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., Ahmed, M. A., Aleskandarany, M. A., Hodi, Z., Lee, A. H. S., Pinder, S. E., & Ellis, I. O. (2017). Diagnostic concordance of breast pathologists: lessons from the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme Pathology External Quality Assurance Scheme. Histopathology, 70(4), 632-642. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13117

Prognostic stratification of oestrogen receptor-positive HER2-negative lymph node-negative class of breast cancer (2016)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., Agarwal, D., Green, A. R., Ashankyty, I., Ellis, I. O., Ball, G., & Alaskandarany, M. A. (2017). Prognostic stratification of oestrogen receptor-positive HER2-negative lymph node-negative class of breast cancer. Histopathology, 70(4), 622-631. doi:10.1111/his.13108

Aims Multigene assay is recommended currently for prognostic stratification of the clinically indeterminate group of breast cancer (BC) patients defined as lymph node (LN)?negative, oestrogen receptor (ER)?positive, HER2?negative (LN?/ER+/HER2?) t... Read More about Prognostic stratification of oestrogen receptor-positive HER2-negative lymph node-negative class of breast cancer.

Clinicopathological and functional significance of RECQL1 helicase in sporadic breast cancers (2016)
Journal Article
Arora, A., Parvathaneni, S., Aleskandarany, M. A., Agarwal, D., Ali, R., Abdel-Fatah, T., …Madhusudan, S. (2017). Clinicopathological and functional significance of RECQL1 helicase in sporadic breast cancers. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 16(1), https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-16-0290

RECQL1, a key member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases, is required for DNA replication and DNA repair. Two recent studies have shown that germline RECQL1 mutations are associated with increased breast cancer susceptibility. Whether altered RECQL1... Read More about Clinicopathological and functional significance of RECQL1 helicase in sporadic breast cancers.

Breast conservation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): what defines optimal margins? (2016)
Journal Article
Toss, M. S., Pinder, S. E., Green, A. R., Thomas, J., Morgan, D. A., Robertson, J. F., …Rakha, E. A. (2017). Breast conservation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): what defines optimal margins?. Histopathology, 70(5), 681-692. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13116

The introduction of mammographic screening has resulted in a rise in the detection rate of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), currently accounting for one‐fifth of screen‐detected breast cancers. Although 60–70% of DCIS are treated with breast‐conservi... Read More about Breast conservation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): what defines optimal margins?.

Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of Ku 70/80 expression in Nigerian breast cancer and its potential therapeutic implications (2016)
Journal Article
Agboola, A. O., Ebili, H. O., Iyawe, V. O., Banjo, A. A., Salami, B. A., Rakha, E. A., …Green, A. R. (2017). Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of Ku 70/80 expression in Nigerian breast cancer and its potential therapeutic implications. Pathology - Research and Practice, 213(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2016.10.005

Ku 70/80 is a regulator of the Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) roles in clinicopathological features, and has prognostic significance in breast cancer (BC) in Caucasian populations. However, its significance in the Nigerian BC population, which is... Read More about Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of Ku 70/80 expression in Nigerian breast cancer and its potential therapeutic implications.

Further evidence to support bimodality of oestrogen receptor expression in breast cancer (2016)
Journal Article
Muftah, A. A., Aleskandarany, M., Sonbul, S. N., Nolan, C. C., Diez Rodriguez, M., Caldas, C., …Rakha, E. A. (2017). Further evidence to support bimodality of oestrogen receptor expression in breast cancer. Histopathology, 70(3), 456-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13089

Aims: Although oestrogen receptor (ER)‐negative breast cancers (BCs) do not respond to hormone therapy, the response of ER‐positive BCs is reported to be variable, which may suggest a dose‐dependent effect. The aim of this study was to assess the pat... Read More about Further evidence to support bimodality of oestrogen receptor expression in breast cancer.

Prognostic significance of androgen receptor expression in invasive breast cancer: transcriptomic and protein expression analysis (2016)
Journal Article
Aleskandarany, M. A., Abduljabbar, R., Ashankyty, I., Elmouna, A., Jerjees, D., Ali, S., …Rakha, E. A. (2016). Prognostic significance of androgen receptor expression in invasive breast cancer: transcriptomic and protein expression analysis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 159(2), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3934-5

Differential prognostic roles of Androgen Receptor (AR) have been proposed in breast cancer (BC) depending on tumour oestrogen receptor (ER) status. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic and/or predictive significance of AR expression in invasi... Read More about Prognostic significance of androgen receptor expression in invasive breast cancer: transcriptomic and protein expression analysis.

Papillary carcinoma of the breast: diagnostic agreement and management implications (2016)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., Ahmed, M. A., & Ellis, I. O. (2016). Papillary carcinoma of the breast: diagnostic agreement and management implications. Histopathology, 69(5), 862-870. doi:10.1111/his.13009

Aims Papillary carcinoma (PC), which is a rare type of breast cancer, comprises a heterogeneous group of tumours. The diagnostic categorization of PC as in?situ and invasive disease remains a matter of debate with respect to interpretation of its ov... Read More about Papillary carcinoma of the breast: diagnostic agreement and management implications.

Overexpression of specific CD44 isoforms is associated with aggressive cell features in acquired endocrine resistance (2016)
Journal Article
Bellerby, R., Smith, C., Kyme, S., Gee, J., Günthert, U., Green, A., …Hiscox, S. (2016). Overexpression of specific CD44 isoforms is associated with aggressive cell features in acquired endocrine resistance. Frontiers in Oncology, 6, Article 145. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00145

While endocrine therapy is the mainstay of ER+ breast cancer, the clinical effectiveness of these agents is limited by the phenomenon of acquired resistance that is associated with disease relapse and poor prognosis. Our previous studies revealed tha... Read More about Overexpression of specific CD44 isoforms is associated with aggressive cell features in acquired endocrine resistance.

Viewpoint: Availability of oestrogen receptor and HER2 status for the breast multidisciplinary meeting discussion; time to get it right (2016)
Journal Article
Francis, A., Bartlett, J., Rea, D., Pinder, S., Stein, R., Stobart, H., …Shaaban, A. (2016). Viewpoint: Availability of oestrogen receptor and HER2 status for the breast multidisciplinary meeting discussion; time to get it right. EJSO - European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 42(7), 994-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2016.02.015

The efficacy and pivotal role of the multidisciplinary meeting (MDM) in informed decision making is well established. It aims to provide a forum in which clinical evidence combines with individual patient data to create a personalized treatment plan.... Read More about Viewpoint: Availability of oestrogen receptor and HER2 status for the breast multidisciplinary meeting discussion; time to get it right.

MYC functions are specific in biological subtypes of breast cancer and confers resistance to endocrine therapy in luminal tumours (2016)
Journal Article
Green, A. R., Aleskandarany, M. A., Agarwal, D., Elsheikh, S., Nolan, C. C., Diez-Rodriguez, M., …Rakha, E. A. (2016). MYC functions are specific in biological subtypes of breast cancer and confers resistance to endocrine therapy in luminal tumours. British Journal of Cancer, 114(8), 917-928. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.46

Background: MYC is amplified in approximately 15% of breast cancers (BCs) and is associated with poor outcome. c-MYC protein is multi-faceted and participates in many aspects of cellular function and is linked with therapeutic response in BCs. We... Read More about MYC functions are specific in biological subtypes of breast cancer and confers resistance to endocrine therapy in luminal tumours.

The prognostic significance of STAT3 in invasive breast cancer: analysis of protein and mRNA expressions in large cohorts (2016)
Journal Article
Aleskandarany, M. A., Agarwal, D., Negm, O. H., Ball, G., Elmouna, A., Ashankyty, I., …Rakha, E. A. (2016). The prognostic significance of STAT3 in invasive breast cancer: analysis of protein and mRNA expressions in large cohorts. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 156(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3709-z

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factors family are involved in diverse cellular biological functions. Reports regarding the prognostic impact of STAT3 expression in breast cancer (BC) are variable whether being a... Read More about The prognostic significance of STAT3 in invasive breast cancer: analysis of protein and mRNA expressions in large cohorts.

RECQL4 helicase has oncogenic potential in sporadic breast cancers (2016)
Journal Article
Arora, A., Agarwal, D., Abdel-Fatah, T. M., Lu, H., Croteau, D. L., Moseley, P., …Madhusudan, S. (2016). RECQL4 helicase has oncogenic potential in sporadic breast cancers. Journal of Pathology, 238(4), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4681

RECQL4 helicase is a molecular motor that unwinds DNA, a process essential during DNA replication and DNA repair. Germ-line mutations in RECQL4 cause type II Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS), characterized by a premature ageing phenotype and cancer pr... Read More about RECQL4 helicase has oncogenic potential in sporadic breast cancers.

Bimodality of intratumor Ki67 expression is an independent prognostic factor of overall survival in patients with invasive breast carcinoma (2016)
Journal Article
Laurinavicius, A., Plancoulaine, B., Rasmusson, A., Besusparis, J., Augulis, R., Meskauskas, R., …Ellis, I. O. (2016). Bimodality of intratumor Ki67 expression is an independent prognostic factor of overall survival in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Virchows Archiv, 468(4), 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-016-1907-z

Proliferative activity, assessed by Ki67 immunohistochemistry (IHC), is an established prognostic and predictive biomarker of breast cancer (BC). However, it remains under-utilized due to lack of standardized robust measurement methodologies and sign... Read More about Bimodality of intratumor Ki67 expression is an independent prognostic factor of overall survival in patients with invasive breast carcinoma.

Infiltrating epitheliosis of the breast: characterization of histological features, immunophenotype and genomic profile (2016)
Journal Article
Eberle, C. A., Piscuoglio, S., Rakha, E. A., Ng, C. K. Y., Geyer, F. C., Edelweiss, M., …Ellis, I. O. (2016). Infiltrating epitheliosis of the breast: characterization of histological features, immunophenotype and genomic profile. Histopathology, 68(7), 1030-1039. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.12897

Aims Infiltrating epitheliosis is a rare complex sclerosing lesion (CSL) of the breast, characterized by infiltrating ducts immersed in a scleroelastotic stroma and filled with cells having architectural and cytological patterns reminiscent of tho... Read More about Infiltrating epitheliosis of the breast: characterization of histological features, immunophenotype and genomic profile.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in invasive breast cancer: should histological grade, type and oestrogen receptor status influence the decision to repeat testing? (2016)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., Pigera, M., Shin, S. J., D'Alfonso, T., Ellis, I. O., & Lee, A. H. S. (2016). Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in invasive breast cancer: should histological grade, type and oestrogen receptor status influence the decision to repeat testing?. Histopathology, 69(1), 20-24. doi:10.1111/his.12900

Aims The recent American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guidelines for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing in breast cancer recommend repeat testing based on tumour grade, tumour type, and hormone... Read More about Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in invasive breast cancer: should histological grade, type and oestrogen receptor status influence the decision to repeat testing?.