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The effects of extreme heat on human health in tropical Africa (2024)
Journal Article
Kunda, J. J., Gosling, S. N., & Foody, G. M. (in press). The effects of extreme heat on human health in tropical Africa. International Journal of Biometeorology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-024-02650-4

This review examines high-quality research evidence that synthesises the effects of extreme heat on human health in tropical Africa. Web of Science (WoS) was used to identify research articles on the effects extreme heat, humidity, Wet-bulb Globe Tem... Read More about The effects of extreme heat on human health in tropical Africa.

Ground Truth in Classification Accuracy Assessment: Myth and Reality (2024)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2024). Ground Truth in Classification Accuracy Assessment: Myth and Reality. Geomatics, 4(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics4010005

The ground reference dataset used in the assessment of classification accuracy is typically assumed implicitly to be perfect (i.e., 100% correct and representing ground truth). Rarely is this assumption valid, and errors in the ground dataset can cau... Read More about Ground Truth in Classification Accuracy Assessment: Myth and Reality.

Optical and radar Earth observation data for upscaling methane emissions linked to permafrost degradation in sub-Arctic peatlands in northern Sweden (2023)
Journal Article
Sjögersten, S., Ledger, M., Siewert, M., de la Barreda-Bautista, B., Sowter, A., Gee, D., …Boyd, D. S. (2023). Optical and radar Earth observation data for upscaling methane emissions linked to permafrost degradation in sub-Arctic peatlands in northern Sweden. Biogeosciences, 20(20), 4221-4239. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023

Permafrost thaw in Arctic regions is increasing methane (CH4) emissions into the atmosphere, but quantification of such emissions is difficult given the large and remote areas impacted. Hence, Earth observation (EO) data are critical for assessing pe... Read More about Optical and radar Earth observation data for upscaling methane emissions linked to permafrost degradation in sub-Arctic peatlands in northern Sweden.

Challenges in the real world use of classification accuracy metrics: From recall and precision to the Matthews correlation coefficient (2023)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2023). Challenges in the real world use of classification accuracy metrics: From recall and precision to the Matthews correlation coefficient. PLoS ONE, 18(10), Article e0291908. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291908

The accuracy of a classification is fundamental to its interpretation, use and ultimately decision making. Unfortunately, the apparent accuracy assessed can differ greatly from the true accuracy. Mis-estimation of classification accuracy metrics and... Read More about Challenges in the real world use of classification accuracy metrics: From recall and precision to the Matthews correlation coefficient.

Spectral Characteristics of Beached Sargassum in Response to Drying and Decay over Time (2023)
Journal Article
Chandler, C. J., Ávila-Mosqueda, S. V., Salas-Acosta, E. R., Magaña-Gallegos, E., Escalante Mancera, E., Gómez Reali, M. A., …Foody, G. M. (2023). Spectral Characteristics of Beached Sargassum in Response to Drying and Decay over Time. Remote Sensing, 15(17), Article 4336. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174336

The bloom of pelagic Sargassum in the Atlantic Ocean has become increasingly problematic, especially when the algae have beached. A build-up of decaying beached material has damaging effects on coastal ecosystems and tourism industries. While remote... Read More about Spectral Characteristics of Beached Sargassum in Response to Drying and Decay over Time.

Unmixing-based Spatiotemporal Image Fusion Based on the Self-trained Random Forest Regression and Residual Compensation (2023)
Journal Article
Li, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Hou, S., Zhou, P., Wang, X., …Foody, G. (2023). Unmixing-based Spatiotemporal Image Fusion Based on the Self-trained Random Forest Regression and Residual Compensation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 61, Article 5406319. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3308902

Spatiotemporal satellite image fusion (STIF) has been widely applied in land surface monitoring to generate high spatial and high temporal reflectance images from satellite sensors. This paper proposed a new unmixing-based spatiotemporal fusion metho... Read More about Unmixing-based Spatiotemporal Image Fusion Based on the Self-trained Random Forest Regression and Residual Compensation.

Regression-based surface water fraction mapping using a synthetic spectral library for monitoring small water bodies (2023)
Journal Article
Wang, Y., Foody, G., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, P., & Du, Y. (2023). Regression-based surface water fraction mapping using a synthetic spectral library for monitoring small water bodies. GIScience and Remote Sensing, 60(1), Article 2217573. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2023.2217573

Small water bodies (SWBs), such as ponds and on-farm reservoirs, are a key part of the hydrological system and play important roles in diverse domains from agriculture to conservation. The monitoring of SWBs has been greatly facilitated by medium-spa... Read More about Regression-based surface water fraction mapping using a synthetic spectral library for monitoring small water bodies.

Monitoring holopelagic Sargassum spp. along the Mexican Caribbean coast: understanding and addressing user requirements for satellite remote sensing (2023)
Journal Article
de la Barreda-Bautista, B., Metcalfe, S. E., Smith, G., Sjögersten, S., Boyd, D. S., Cerdeira-Estrada, S., …Foody, G. (2023). Monitoring holopelagic Sargassum spp. along the Mexican Caribbean coast: understanding and addressing user requirements for satellite remote sensing. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, Article 1166000. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1166000

Massive influxes of holopelagic Sargassum spp. (Sargassum natans and S. fluitans) have been causing major economic, environmental and ecological problems along the Caribbean coast of Mexico. Predicting the arrival of the sargassum as an aid to addres... Read More about Monitoring holopelagic Sargassum spp. along the Mexican Caribbean coast: understanding and addressing user requirements for satellite remote sensing.

A quixotic view of spatial bias in modelling the distribution of species and their diversity (2023)
Journal Article
Rocchini, D., Tordoni, E., Marchetto, E., Marcantonio, M., Barbosa, A. M., Bazzichetto, M., …Malavasi, M. (2023). A quixotic view of spatial bias in modelling the distribution of species and their diversity. npj Biodiversity, 2(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-023-00014-6

Ecological processes are often spatially and temporally structured, potentially leading to autocorrelation either in environmental variables or species distribution data. Because of that, spatially-biased in-situ samples or predictors might affect th... Read More about A quixotic view of spatial bias in modelling the distribution of species and their diversity.

Scientific maps should reach everyone: The cblindplot R package to let colour blind people visualise spatial patterns (2023)
Journal Article
Rocchini, D., Nowosad, J., D'Introno, R., Chieffallo, L., Bacaro, G., Gatti, R. C., …Thouverai, E. (2023). Scientific maps should reach everyone: The cblindplot R package to let colour blind people visualise spatial patterns. Ecological Informatics, 76, Article 102045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102045

Maps represent powerful tools to show the spatial variation of a variable in a straightforward manner. A crucial aspect in map rendering for its interpretation by users is the gamut of colours used for displaying data. One part of this problem is lin... Read More about Scientific maps should reach everyone: The cblindplot R package to let colour blind people visualise spatial patterns.

Deep Feature and Domain Knowledge Fusion Network for Mapping Surface Water Bodies by Fusing Google Earth RGB and Sentinel-2 images (2023)
Journal Article
Zhou, P., Li, X., Foody, G. M., Boyd, D. S., Wang, X., Ling, F., …Du, Y. (2023). Deep Feature and Domain Knowledge Fusion Network for Mapping Surface Water Bodies by Fusing Google Earth RGB and Sentinel-2 images. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2023.3234306

Mapping surface water bodies from fine spatial resolution optical remote sensing imagery is essential for the understanding of the global hydrologic cycle. Although satellite data are useful for mapping, the limited spectral information captured by s... Read More about Deep Feature and Domain Knowledge Fusion Network for Mapping Surface Water Bodies by Fusing Google Earth RGB and Sentinel-2 images.

Global and Local Assessment of Image Classification Quality on an Overall and Per-Class Basis without Ground Reference Data (2022)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2022). Global and Local Assessment of Image Classification Quality on an Overall and Per-Class Basis without Ground Reference Data. Remote Sensing, 14(21), Article 5380. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215380

Ground reference data are typically required to evaluate the quality of a supervised image classification analysis used to produce a thematic map from remotely sensed data. Acquiring a suitable ground data set for a rigorous assessment of classificat... Read More about Global and Local Assessment of Image Classification Quality on an Overall and Per-Class Basis without Ground Reference Data.

Double down on remote sensing for biodiversity estimation: a biological mindset (2022)
Journal Article
Rocchini, D., Torresani, M., Beierkuhnlein, C., Feoli, E., Foody, G. M., Lenoir, J., …Ricotta, C. (2022). Double down on remote sensing for biodiversity estimation: a biological mindset. Community Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-022-00113-7

In the light of unprecedented planetary changes in biodiversity, real-time and accurate ecosystem and biodiversity assessments are becoming increasingly essential for informing policy and sustainable development. Biodiversity monitoring is a challeng... Read More about Double down on remote sensing for biodiversity estimation: a biological mindset.

The spectral species concept in living color (2022)
Journal Article
Rocchini, D., Santos, M. J., Ustin, S. L., Féret, J. B., Asner, G. P., Beierkuhnlein, C., …Lenoir, J. (2022). The spectral species concept in living color. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 127(9), Article e2022JG007026. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG007026

Biodiversity monitoring is an almost inconceivable challenge at the scale of the entire Earth. The current (and soon to be flown) generation of spaceborne and airborne optical sensors (i.e., imaging spectrometers) can collect detailed information at... Read More about The spectral species concept in living color.

Assuring the quality of VGI on land use and land cover: experiences and learnings from the LandSense project (2022)
Journal Article
Foody, G., Long, G., Schultz, M., & Olteanu-Raimond, A. (2022). Assuring the quality of VGI on land use and land cover: experiences and learnings from the LandSense project. Geo-Spatial Information Scienc, https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2022.2100285

The potential of citizens as a source of geographical information has been recognized for many years. Such activity has grown recently due to the proliferation of inexpensive location aware devices and an ability to share data over the internet. Rece... Read More about Assuring the quality of VGI on land use and land cover: experiences and learnings from the LandSense project.

Citizen science for Earth Observation (Citzens4EO): understanding current use in the UK (2022)
Journal Article
Boyd, D. S., Foody, G. M., Brown, C., Mazumdar, S., Marshall, H., & Wardlaw, J. (2022). Citizen science for Earth Observation (Citzens4EO): understanding current use in the UK. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 43(8), 2965-2985. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2022.2076574

The role of Earth observation (EO) data in addressing societal problems from environmental through to humanitarian should not be understated. Recent innovation in EO means provision of analysis ready data and data cubes, which allows for rapid use of... Read More about Citizen science for Earth Observation (Citzens4EO): understanding current use in the UK.

Making (remote) sense of lianas (2022)
Journal Article
van der Heijden, G. M., Proctor, A. D., Calders, K., Chandler, C., Field, R., Foody, G. M., …Boyd, D. S. (2022). Making (remote) sense of lianas. Journal of Ecology, 110(3), 498-513. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13844

Lianas (woody vines) are abundant and diverse, particularly in tropical ecosystems. Lianas use trees for structural support to reach the forest canopy, often putting leaves above their host tree. Thus they are major parts of many forest canopies. Yet... Read More about Making (remote) sense of lianas.

Monitoring high spatiotemporal water dynamics by fusing MODIS, Landsat, water occurrence data and DEM (2021)
Journal Article
Li, X., Ling, F., Foody, G. M., Boyd, D. S., Jiang, L., Zhang, Y., …Du, Y. (2021). Monitoring high spatiotemporal water dynamics by fusing MODIS, Landsat, water occurrence data and DEM. Remote Sensing of Environment, 265, Article 112680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112680

Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water from remote sensing imagery is essential for understanding water's impact on the global ecosystem and climate change. There is often a tradeoff between the spatial and temporal resolutions of im... Read More about Monitoring high spatiotemporal water dynamics by fusing MODIS, Landsat, water occurrence data and DEM.

Detection of spatial and temporal patterns of liana infestation using satellite-derived imagery (2021)
Journal Article
Chandler, C. J., van der Heijden, G. M., Boyd, D. S., & Foody, G. M. (2021). Detection of spatial and temporal patterns of liana infestation using satellite-derived imagery. Remote Sensing, 13(14), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142774

Lianas (woody vines) play a key role in tropical forest dynamics because of their strong influence on tree growth, mortality and regeneration. Assessing liana infestation over large areas is critical to understand the factors that drive their spatial... Read More about Detection of spatial and temporal patterns of liana infestation using satellite-derived imagery.

Informing action for United Nations SDG target 8.7 and interdependent SDGs: Examining modern slavery from space (2021)
Journal Article
Boyd, D. S., Perrat, B., Li, X., Jackson, B., Landman, T., Ling, F., …Foody, G. M. (2021). Informing action for United Nations SDG target 8.7 and interdependent SDGs: Examining modern slavery from space. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8, Article 111. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00792-z

This article provides an example of the ways in which remote sensing, Earth observation, and machine learning can be deployed to provide the most up to date quantitative portrait of the South Asian ‘Brick Belt’, with a view to understanding the exten... Read More about Informing action for United Nations SDG target 8.7 and interdependent SDGs: Examining modern slavery from space.

Tracking small-scale tropical forest disturbances: Fusing the Landsat and Sentinel-2 data record (2021)
Journal Article
Zhang, Y., Ling, F., Wang, X., Foody, G. M., Boyd, D. S., Li, X., …Atkinson, P. M. (2021). Tracking small-scale tropical forest disturbances: Fusing the Landsat and Sentinel-2 data record. Remote Sensing of Environment, 261, Article 112470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112470

Information on forest disturbance is crucial for tropical forest management and global carbon cycle analysis. The long-term collection of data from the Landsat missions provides some of the most valuable information for understanding the processes of... Read More about Tracking small-scale tropical forest disturbances: Fusing the Landsat and Sentinel-2 data record.

rasterdiv—An Information Theory tailored R package for measuring ecosystem heterogeneity from space: To the origin and back (2021)
Journal Article
Rocchini, D., Thouverai, E., Marcantonio, M., Iannacito, M., Da Re, D., Torresani, M., …Wegmann, M. (2021). rasterdiv—An Information Theory tailored R package for measuring ecosystem heterogeneity from space: To the origin and back. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 12(6), 1093-1102. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13583

Ecosystem heterogeneity has been widely recognized as a key ecological indicator of several ecological functions, diversity patterns and change, metapopulation dynamics, population connectivity or gene flow. In this paper, we present a new R package—... Read More about rasterdiv—An Information Theory tailored R package for measuring ecosystem heterogeneity from space: To the origin and back.

Impacts of ignorance on the accuracy of image classification and thematic mapping (2021)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2021). Impacts of ignorance on the accuracy of image classification and thematic mapping. Remote Sensing of Environment, 259, Article 112367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112367

Thematic maps are often derived from remotely sensed imagery via a supervised image classification analysis. The training and testing stages of a supervised image classification may proceed ignorant of the presence of some classes in the region to be... Read More about Impacts of ignorance on the accuracy of image classification and thematic mapping.

Remote sensing liana infestation in an aseasonal tropical forest: addressing mismatch in spatial units of analyses (2021)
Journal Article
Chandler, C. J., Van Der Heijden, G. M. F., Boyd, D. S., Cutler, M. E. J., Costa, H., Nilus, R., & Foody, G. M. (2021). Remote sensing liana infestation in an aseasonal tropical forest: addressing mismatch in spatial units of analyses. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.197

The ability to accurately assess liana (woody vine) infestation at the landscape level is essential to quantify their impact on carbon dynamics and help inform targeted forest management and conservation action. Remote sensing techniques provide pote... Read More about Remote sensing liana infestation in an aseasonal tropical forest: addressing mismatch in spatial units of analyses.

Scrutinizing relationships between submarine groundwater discharge and upstream areas using thermal remote sensing: A case study in the northern Persian gulf (2021)
Journal Article
Samani, A. N., Farzin, M., Rahmati, O., Feiznia, S., Kazemi, G. A., Foody, G., & Melesse, A. M. (2021). Scrutinizing relationships between submarine groundwater discharge and upstream areas using thermal remote sensing: A case study in the northern Persian gulf. Remote Sensing, 13(3), https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030358

© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Nutrient input through submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) often plays a significant role in primary productivity and nutrient cycling in the coastal areas. Understanding relationships betwe... Read More about Scrutinizing relationships between submarine groundwater discharge and upstream areas using thermal remote sensing: A case study in the northern Persian gulf.

Comparison of simple averaging and latent class modeling to estimate the area of land cover in the presence of reference data variability (2021)
Journal Article
Xing, D., Stehman, S. V., Foody, G. M., & Pengra, B. W. (2021). Comparison of simple averaging and latent class modeling to estimate the area of land cover in the presence of reference data variability. Land, 10(1), Article 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010035

© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Estimates of the area or percent area of the land cover classes within a study region are often based on the reference land cover class labels assigned by analysts interpreting satellite image... Read More about Comparison of simple averaging and latent class modeling to estimate the area of land cover in the presence of reference data variability.

Object-Based Area-to-Point Regression Kriging for Pansharpening (2020)
Journal Article
Zhang, Y., Atkinson, P. M., Ling, F., Foody, G. M., Wang, Q., Ge, Y., …Du, Y. (2021). Object-Based Area-to-Point Regression Kriging for Pansharpening. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 59(10), 8599-8614. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.3041724

IEEE Optical earth observation satellite sensors often provide a coarse spatial resolution (CR) multispectral (MS) image together with a fine spatial resolution (FR) panchromatic (PAN) image. Pansharpening is a technique applied to such satellite sen... Read More about Object-Based Area-to-Point Regression Kriging for Pansharpening.

Let your maps be fuzzy!—Class probabilities and floristic gradients as alternatives to crisp mapping for remote sensing of vegetation (2020)
Journal Article
Feilhauer, H., Zlinszky, A., Kania, A., Foody, G. M., Doktor, D., Lausch, A., & Schmidtlein, S. (2020). Let your maps be fuzzy!—Class probabilities and floristic gradients as alternatives to crisp mapping for remote sensing of vegetation. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.188

© 2020 The Authors. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Zoological Society of London. Mapping vegetation as hard classes based on remote sensing data is a frequently applied approach, even thou... Read More about Let your maps be fuzzy!—Class probabilities and floristic gradients as alternatives to crisp mapping for remote sensing of vegetation.

Investigating the potential of radar interferometry for monitoring rural artisanal cobalt mines in the democratic republic of the congo (2020)
Journal Article
Brown, C., Daniels, A., Boyd, D. S., Sowter, A., Foody, G., & Kara, S. (2020). Investigating the potential of radar interferometry for monitoring rural artisanal cobalt mines in the democratic republic of the congo. Sustainability, 12(23), Article 9834. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239834

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Greater awareness of the serious human rights abuses associated with the extraction and trade of cobalt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has applied increasing pressure for busine... Read More about Investigating the potential of radar interferometry for monitoring rural artisanal cobalt mines in the democratic republic of the congo.

Cloud detection in Landsat-8 imagery in Google Earth Engine based on a deep convolutional neural network (2020)
Journal Article
Yin, Z., Ling, F., Foody, G. M., Li, X., & Du, Y. (2020). Cloud detection in Landsat-8 imagery in Google Earth Engine based on a deep convolutional neural network. Remote Sensing Letters, 11(12), 1181-1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2020.1833096

© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Google Earth Engine (GEE) provides a convenient platform for applications based on optical satellite imagery of large areas. With such data sets, the detection of cloud is often a necess... Read More about Cloud detection in Landsat-8 imagery in Google Earth Engine based on a deep convolutional neural network.

Remote sensing of fish-processing in the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh: an insight into the modern slavery-environment nexus in the coastal fringe (2020)
Journal Article
Jackson, B., Boyd, D. S., Ives, C. D., Decker Sparks, J. L., Foody, G. M., Marsh, S., & Bales, K. (2020). Remote sensing of fish-processing in the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh: an insight into the modern slavery-environment nexus in the coastal fringe. Maritime Studies, 19(4), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-020-00199-7

© 2020, The Author(s). Land-based fish-processing activities in coastal fringe areas and their social-ecological impacts have often been overlooked by marine scientists and antislavery groups. Using remote sensing methods, the location and impacts of... Read More about Remote sensing of fish-processing in the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh: an insight into the modern slavery-environment nexus in the coastal fringe.

Superresolution Land Cover Mapping Using a Generative Adversarial Network (2020)
Journal Article
Shang, C., Li, X., Foody, G. M., Du, Y., & Ling, F. (2022). Superresolution Land Cover Mapping Using a Generative Adversarial Network. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 19, Article 6000105. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2020.3020395

Superresolution mapping (SRM) is a commonly used method to cope with the problem of mixed pixels when predicting the spatial distribution within low-resolution pixels. Central to the popular SRM method is the spatial pattern model, which is utilized... Read More about Superresolution Land Cover Mapping Using a Generative Adversarial Network.

Monitoring surface water area variations of reservoirs using daily MODIS images by exploring sub-pixel information (2020)
Journal Article
Ling, F., Li, X., Foody, G. M., Boyd, D., Ge, Y., Li, X., & Du, Y. (2020). Monitoring surface water area variations of reservoirs using daily MODIS images by exploring sub-pixel information. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 168, 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.08.008

© 2020 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS) Information on the temporal variation of surface water area of reservoirs is fundamental for water resource management and is often monitored by satellite remote sensing... Read More about Monitoring surface water area variations of reservoirs using daily MODIS images by exploring sub-pixel information.

Active restoration accelerates the carbon recovery of human-modified tropical forests (2020)
Journal Article
Philipson, C. D., Cutler, M. E. J., Brodrick, P. G., Asner, G. P., Boyd, D. S., Costa, P. M., …Burslem, D. F. R. P. (2020). Active restoration accelerates the carbon recovery of human-modified tropical forests. Science, 369(6505), 838-841. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4490

More than half of all tropical forests are degraded by human impacts, leaving them threatened with conversion to agricultural plantations and risking substantial biodiversity and carbon losses. Restoration could accelerate recovery of aboveground car... Read More about Active restoration accelerates the carbon recovery of human-modified tropical forests.

Spatiotemporal Fusion of Land Surface Temperature Based on a Convolutional Neural Network (2020)
Journal Article
Yin, Z., Wu, P., Foody, G. M., Wu, Y., Liu, Z., Du, Y., & Ling, F. (2021). Spatiotemporal Fusion of Land Surface Temperature Based on a Convolutional Neural Network. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 59(2), 1808-1822. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.2999943

© 1980-2012 IEEE. Due to the tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolutions commonly encountered in remote sensing, no single satellite sensor can provide fine spatial resolution land surface temperature (LST) products with frequent coverage. This... Read More about Spatiotemporal Fusion of Land Surface Temperature Based on a Convolutional Neural Network.

Iterative Training Sample Expansion to Increase and Balance the Accuracy of Land Classification from VHR Imagery (2020)
Journal Article
Lv, Z., Li, G., Jin, Z., Benediktsson, J. A., & Foody, G. M. (2021). Iterative Training Sample Expansion to Increase and Balance the Accuracy of Land Classification from VHR Imagery. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 59(1), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.2996064

© 1980-2012 IEEE. Imbalanced training sets are known to produce suboptimal maps for supervised classification. Therefore, one challenge in mapping land cover is acquiring training data that will allow classification with high overall accuracy (OA) in... Read More about Iterative Training Sample Expansion to Increase and Balance the Accuracy of Land Classification from VHR Imagery.

Use of automated change detection and VGI sources for identifying and validating urban land use change (2020)
Journal Article
Olteanu-Raimond, A. M., See, L., Schultz, M., Foody, G., Riffler, M., Gasber, T., …Gombert, M. (2020). Use of automated change detection and VGI sources for identifying and validating urban land use change. Remote Sensing, 12(7), Article 1186. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071186

© 2020, by the authors. Land use and land cover (LULC) mapping is often undertaken by national mapping agencies, where these LULC products are used for different types of monitoring and reporting applications. Updating of LULC databases is often done... Read More about Use of automated change detection and VGI sources for identifying and validating urban land use change.

Spatio-temporal sub-pixel land cover mapping of remote sensing imagery using spatial distribution information from same-class pixels (2020)
Journal Article
Li, X., Chen, R., Foody, G. M., Wang, L., Yang, X., Du, Y., & Ling, F. (2020). Spatio-temporal sub-pixel land cover mapping of remote sensing imagery using spatial distribution information from same-class pixels. Remote Sensing, 12(3), Article 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030503

© 2020 by the authors. The generation of land cover maps with both fine spatial and temporal resolution would aid the monitoring of change on the Earth's surface. Spatio-temporal sub-pixel land cover mapping (STSPM) uses a few fine spatial resolution... Read More about Spatio-temporal sub-pixel land cover mapping of remote sensing imagery using spatial distribution information from same-class pixels.

Explaining the unsuitability of the kappa coefficient in the assessment and comparison of the accuracy of thematic maps obtained by image classification (2020)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2020). Explaining the unsuitability of the kappa coefficient in the assessment and comparison of the accuracy of thematic maps obtained by image classification. Remote Sensing of Environment, 239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111630

The kappa coefficient is not an index of accuracy, indeed it is not an index of overall agreement but one of agreement beyond chance. Chance agreement is, however, irrelevant in an accuracy assessment and is anyway inappropriately modelled in the cal... Read More about Explaining the unsuitability of the kappa coefficient in the assessment and comparison of the accuracy of thematic maps obtained by image classification.

SFSDAF: an enhanced FSDAF that incorporates sub-pixel class fraction change information for spatio-temporal image fusion (2019)
Journal Article
Li, X., Foody, G. M., Boyd, D. S., Ge, Y., Zhang, Y., Du, Y., & Ling, F. (2020). SFSDAF: an enhanced FSDAF that incorporates sub-pixel class fraction change information for spatio-temporal image fusion. Remote Sensing of Environment, 237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111537

Spatio-temporal image fusion methods have become a popular means to produce remotely sensed data sets that have both fine spatial and temporal resolution. Accurate prediction of reflectance change is difficult, especially when the change is caused by... Read More about SFSDAF: an enhanced FSDAF that incorporates sub-pixel class fraction change information for spatio-temporal image fusion.

Night-time lights are more strongly related to urban building volume than to urban area (2019)
Journal Article
Shi, L., Foody, G. M., Boyd, D. S., Girindran, R., Wang, L., Du, Y., & Ling, F. (2020). Night-time lights are more strongly related to urban building volume than to urban area. Remote Sensing Letters, 11(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2019.1682709

A strong relationship between night-time light (NTL) data and the areal extent of urbanized regions has been observed frequently. As urban regions have an important vertical dimension, it is hypothesized that the strength of the relationship with NTL... Read More about Night-time lights are more strongly related to urban building volume than to urban area.

Measuring River Wetted Width from Remotely Sensed Imagery at the Subpixel Scale with a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (2019)
Journal Article
Ling, F., Boyd, D., Ge, Y., Foody, G. M., Li, X., Wang, L., …Du, Y. (2019). Measuring River Wetted Width from Remotely Sensed Imagery at the Subpixel Scale with a Deep Convolutional Neural Network. Water Resources Research, 55(7), 5631-5649. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018wr024136

River wetted width (RWW) is an important variable in the study of river hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Presently, RWW is often measured from remotely sensed imagery and the accuracy of RWW estimation is typically low when coarse spatial r... Read More about Measuring River Wetted Width from Remotely Sensed Imagery at the Subpixel Scale with a Deep Convolutional Neural Network.

The World's Tallest Tropical Tree in Three Dimensions (2019)
Journal Article
Shenkin, A., Chandler, C. J., Boyd, D. S., Jackson, T., Disney, M., Majalap, N., …Malhi, Y. (2019). The World's Tallest Tropical Tree in Three Dimensions. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 2, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00032

Here we report the recent discovery of the world's tallest tropical tree (Shorea faguetiana), possibly the world's tallest angiosperm (flowering plant), located in the rainforests of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. In addition, we provide a novel three-dime... Read More about The World's Tallest Tropical Tree in Three Dimensions.

Key issues in rigorous accuracy assessment of land cover products (2019)
Journal Article
Stehman, S. V., & Foody, G. M. (2019). Key issues in rigorous accuracy assessment of land cover products. Remote Sensing of Environment, 231, Article 111199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.018

© 2019 Accuracy assessment and land cover mapping have been inexorably linked throughout the first 50 years of publication of Remote Sensing of Environment. The earliest developers of land-cover maps recognized the importance of evaluating the qualit... Read More about Key issues in rigorous accuracy assessment of land cover products.

Permanent disappearance and seasonal fluctuation of urban lake area in Wuhan, China monitored with long time series remotely sensed images from 1987 to 2016 (2019)
Journal Article
Shi, L., Ling, F., Foody, G. M., Chen, C., Fang, S., Li, X., …Du, Y. (2019). Permanent disappearance and seasonal fluctuation of urban lake area in Wuhan, China monitored with long time series remotely sensed images from 1987 to 2016. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40(22), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1612119

Lakes are important to the healthy functioning of the urban ecosystem. The urban lakes in Wuhan, China, which is known as ‘city of hundreds of lakes’, are facing substantial threats mainly due to rapid urbanization. This paper focused on detecting th... Read More about Permanent disappearance and seasonal fluctuation of urban lake area in Wuhan, China monitored with long time series remotely sensed images from 1987 to 2016.

Spatial-temporal super-resolution land cover mapping with a local spatial-temporal dependence model (2019)
Journal Article
Li, X., Ling, F., Foody, G. M., Ge, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., …Du, Y. (2019). Spatial-temporal super-resolution land cover mapping with a local spatial-temporal dependence model. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 57(7), 4951-4966. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2019.2894773

The mixed pixel problem is common in remote sensing. A soft classification can generate land cover class fraction images that illustrate the areal proportions of the various land cover classes within pixels. The spatial distribution of land cover cla... Read More about Spatial-temporal super-resolution land cover mapping with a local spatial-temporal dependence model.

Super-resolution land cover mapping by deep learning (2019)
Journal Article
Ling, F., & Foody, G. M. (2019). Super-resolution land cover mapping by deep learning. Remote Sensing Letters, 10(6), 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704x.2019.1587196

Super-resolution mapping (SRM) is a technique to estimate a fine spatial resolution land cover map from coarse spatial resolution fractional proportion images. SRM is often based explicitly on the use of a spatial pattern model that represents the la... Read More about Super-resolution land cover mapping by deep learning.

Optimal endmember-based super-resolution land cover mapping (2019)
Journal Article
Li, X., Li, X., Foody, G., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Du, Y., & Ling, F. (2019). Optimal endmember-based super-resolution land cover mapping. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 16(8), 1279-1283. https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2019.2894805

Super-resolution mapping (SRM) aims to determine the spatial distribution of the land cover classes contained in the area represented by mixed pixels to obtain a more appropriate and accurate map at a finer spatial resolution than the input remotely... Read More about Optimal endmember-based super-resolution land cover mapping.

Earth observation and machine learning to meet Sustainable Development Goal 8.7: mapping sites associated with slavery from space (2019)
Journal Article
Foody, G., Ling, F., Boyd, D., Li, X., & Wardlaw, J. (2019). Earth observation and machine learning to meet Sustainable Development Goal 8.7: mapping sites associated with slavery from space. Remote Sensing, 11(3), Article 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030266

A large proportion of the workforce in the brick kilns of the Brick Belt of Asia are modern-day slaves. Work to liberate slaves and contribute to UN Sustainable Development Goal 8.7 would benefit from maps showing the location of brick kilns. Previou... Read More about Earth observation and machine learning to meet Sustainable Development Goal 8.7: mapping sites associated with slavery from space.

Exploring temporality in socio-ecological resilience through experiences of the 2015/16 El Niño across the tropics (2019)
Journal Article
Whitfield, S., Beauchamp, E., Boyd, D. S., Burslem, D., Byg, A., Colledge, F., …White, P. C. (2019). Exploring temporality in socio-ecological resilience through experiences of the 2015/16 El Niño across the tropics. Global Environmental Change, 55, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.01.004

In a context of both long-term climatic changes and short-term climatic shocks, temporal dynamics profoundly influence ecosystems and societies. In low income contexts in the Tropics, where both exposure and vulnerability to climatic fluctuations is... Read More about Exploring temporality in socio-ecological resilience through experiences of the 2015/16 El Niño across the tropics.

Reducing the impacts of intra-class spectral variability on the accuracy of soft classification and super-resolution mapping of shoreline (2018)
Journal Article
Doan, H. T., Foody, G. M., & Bui, D. T. (2019). Reducing the impacts of intra-class spectral variability on the accuracy of soft classification and super-resolution mapping of shoreline. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40(9), 3384-3400. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1545099

The main objective of this research is to assess the impact of intra-class spectral variation on the accuracy of soft classification and super-resolution mapping. The accuracy of both analyses was negatively related to the degree of intra-class spect... Read More about Reducing the impacts of intra-class spectral variability on the accuracy of soft classification and super-resolution mapping of shoreline.

Measuring beta-diversity by remote sensing: a challenge for biodiversity monitoring (2018)
Journal Article
Rocchini, D., Luque, S., Pettorelli, N., Bastin, L., Doktor, D., Faedi, N., …Nagendra, H. (2018). Measuring beta-diversity by remote sensing: a challenge for biodiversity monitoring. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(8), 1787-1798. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12941

Biodiversity includes multiscalar and multitemporal structures and processes, with different levels of functional organization, from genetic to ecosystemic levels. One of the mostly used methods to infer biodiversity is based on taxonomic approaches... Read More about Measuring beta-diversity by remote sensing: a challenge for biodiversity monitoring.

Spatial-temporal fraction map fusion with multi-scale remotely sensed images (2018)
Journal Article
Zhang, Y., Foody, G. M., Ling, F., Li, X., Ge, Y., Du, Y., & Atkinson, P. M. (2018). Spatial-temporal fraction map fusion with multi-scale remotely sensed images. Remote Sensing of Environment, 213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.010

Given the common trade-off between the spatial and temporal resolutions of current satellite sensors, spatial-temporal data fusion methods could be applied to produce fused remotely sensed data with synthetic fine spatial resolution (FR) and high rep... Read More about Spatial-temporal fraction map fusion with multi-scale remotely sensed images.

Using volunteered geographic information (VGI) in design-based statistical inference for area estimation and accuracy assessment of land cover (2018)
Journal Article
Stehman, S. V., Fonte, C. C., Foody, G. M., & See, L. (2018). Using volunteered geographic information (VGI) in design-based statistical inference for area estimation and accuracy assessment of land cover. Remote Sensing of Environment, 212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.04.014

Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) offers a potentially inexpensive source of reference data for estimating area and assessing map accuracy in the context of remote-sensing based land-cover monitoring. The quality of observations from VGI and t... Read More about Using volunteered geographic information (VGI) in design-based statistical inference for area estimation and accuracy assessment of land cover.

Slavery from Space: Demonstrating the role for satellite remote sensing to inform evidence-based action related to UN SDG number 8 (2018)
Journal Article
Boyd, D. S., Jackson, B., Wardlaw, J., Foody, G. M., Marsh, S., & Bales, K. (2018). Slavery from Space: Demonstrating the role for satellite remote sensing to inform evidence-based action related to UN SDG number 8. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 142, 380-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.02.012

The most recent Global Slavery Index estimates that there are 40.3 million people enslaved globally. The UN’s Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development Goal number 8, section 8.7 specifically refers to the issue of forced labour: ending modern slavery... Read More about Slavery from Space: Demonstrating the role for satellite remote sensing to inform evidence-based action related to UN SDG number 8.

Increasing the accuracy of crowdsourced information on land cover via a voting procedure weighted by information inferred from the contributed data (2018)
Journal Article
Foody, G., See, L., Fritz, S., Moorthy, I., Perger, C., Schill, C., & Boyd, D. (2018). Increasing the accuracy of crowdsourced information on land cover via a voting procedure weighted by information inferred from the contributed data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(3), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7030080

Simple consensus methods are often used in crowdsourcing studies to label cases when data are provided by multiple contributors. A basic majority vote rule is often used. This approach weights the contributions from each contributor equally but the c... Read More about Increasing the accuracy of crowdsourced information on land cover via a voting procedure weighted by information inferred from the contributed data.

Supervised methods of image segmentation accuracy assessment in land cover mapping (2017)
Journal Article
Costa, H., Foody, G. M., & Boyd, D. S. (2018). Supervised methods of image segmentation accuracy assessment in land cover mapping. Remote Sensing of Environment, 205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.11.024

Land cover mapping via image classification is sometimes realized through object-based image analysis. Objects are typically constructed by partitioning imagery into spatially contiguous groups of pixels through image segmentation and used as the bas... Read More about Supervised methods of image segmentation accuracy assessment in land cover mapping.

Remotely sensed spatial heterogeneity as an exploratory tool for taxonomic and functional diversity study (2017)
Journal Article
Rocchini, D., Bacaro, G., Chirici, G., Da Re, D., Feilhauer, H., Foody, G. M., …Rugani, B. (in press). Remotely sensed spatial heterogeneity as an exploratory tool for taxonomic and functional diversity study. Ecological Indicators, 85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.055

Assessing biodiversity from field-based data is difficult for a number of practical reasons: (i) establishing the total number of sampling units to be investigated and the sampling design (e.g. systematic, random, stratified) can be difficult; (ii) t... Read More about Remotely sensed spatial heterogeneity as an exploratory tool for taxonomic and functional diversity study.

Monitoring thermal pollution in rivers downstream of dams with Landsat ETM+ thermal infrared images (2017)
Journal Article
Ling, F., Foody, G., Du, H., Ban, X., Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Du, Y. (2017). Monitoring thermal pollution in rivers downstream of dams with Landsat ETM+ thermal infrared images. Remote Sensing, 9(11), Article 1175. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111175

Dams play a significant role in altering the spatial pattern of temperature in rivers and contribute to thermal pollution, which greatly affects the river aquatic ecosystems. Understanding the temporal and spatial variation of thermal pollution cause... Read More about Monitoring thermal pollution in rivers downstream of dams with Landsat ETM+ thermal infrared images.

Impervious surface change mapping with an uncertainty-based spatial-temporal consistency model: a case study in Wuhan city using Landsat time-series datasets from 1987 to 2016 (2017)
Journal Article
Shi, L., Ling, F., Ge, Y., Foody, G. M., Li, X., Wang, L., …Du, Y. (2017). Impervious surface change mapping with an uncertainty-based spatial-temporal consistency model: a case study in Wuhan city using Landsat time-series datasets from 1987 to 2016. Remote Sensing, 9(11), Article 1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111148

Detailed information on the spatial-temporal change of impervious surfaces is important for quantifying the effects of rapid urbanization. Free access of the Landsat archive provides new opportunities for impervious surface mapping with fine spatial... Read More about Impervious surface change mapping with an uncertainty-based spatial-temporal consistency model: a case study in Wuhan city using Landsat time-series datasets from 1987 to 2016.

Mapping and the citizen sensor (2017)
Book
Foody, G., See, L., Fritz, S., Mooney, P., Olteanu-Raimond, A., Costa Fonte, C., & Antoniou, V. (2017). G. Foody, L. See, S. Fritz, P. Mooney, A. Olteanu-Raimond, C. C. Fonte, & V. Antoniou (Eds.). Mapping and the citizen sensor. Ubiquity Press. https://doi.org/10.5334/bbf

Maps are a fundamental resource in a diverse array of applications ranging from everyday activities, such as route planning through the legal demarcation of space to scientific studies, such as those seeking to understand biodiversity and inform the... Read More about Mapping and the citizen sensor.

Impacts of sample design for validation data on the accuracy of feedforward neural network classification (2017)
Journal Article
Foody, G. (2017). Impacts of sample design for validation data on the accuracy of feedforward neural network classification. Applied Sciences, 7(9), Article 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090888

Validation data are often used to evaluate the performance of a trained neural network and used in the selection of a network deemed optimal for the task at-hand. Optimality is commonly assessed with a measure, such as overall classification accuracy... Read More about Impacts of sample design for validation data on the accuracy of feedforward neural network classification.

Generating a series of fine spatial and temporal resolution land cover maps by fusing coarse spatial resolution remotely sensed images and fine spatial resolution land cover maps (2017)
Journal Article
Li, X., Ling, F., Foody, G. M., Ge, Y., Zhang, Y., & Du, Y. (2017). Generating a series of fine spatial and temporal resolution land cover maps by fusing coarse spatial resolution remotely sensed images and fine spatial resolution land cover maps. Remote Sensing of Environment, 196, 293-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.05.011

© 2017 Elsevier Inc. Studies of land cover dynamics would benefit greatly from the generation of land cover maps at both fine spatial and temporal resolutions. Fine spatial resolution images are usually acquired relatively infrequently, whereas coars... Read More about Generating a series of fine spatial and temporal resolution land cover maps by fusing coarse spatial resolution remotely sensed images and fine spatial resolution land cover maps.

Improving specific class mapping from remotely sensed data by cost-sensitive learning (2017)
Journal Article
Silva, J., Bacao, F., Dieng, M., Foody, G. M., & Caetano, M. (2017). Improving specific class mapping from remotely sensed data by cost-sensitive learning. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(11), 3294-3316. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1292073

In many remote-sensing projects, one is usually interested in a small number of land-cover classes present in a study area and not in all the land-cover classes that make-up the landscape. Previous studies in supervised classification of satellite im... Read More about Improving specific class mapping from remotely sensed data by cost-sensitive learning.

Using mixed objects in the training of object-based image classifications (2017)
Journal Article
Costa, H., Foody, G. M., & Boyd, D. S. (2017). Using mixed objects in the training of object-based image classifications. Remote Sensing of Environment, 190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.12.017

Image classification for thematic mapping is a very common application in remote sensing, which is sometimes realized through object-based image analysis. In these analyses, it is common for some of the objects to be mixed in their class composition... Read More about Using mixed objects in the training of object-based image classifications.

The sensitivity of mapping methods to reference data quality: training supervised image classifications with imperfect reference data (2016)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M., Pal, M., Rocchini, D., Garzon-Lopez, C. X., & Bastin, L. (2016). The sensitivity of mapping methods to reference data quality: training supervised image classifications with imperfect reference data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 5(11), Article 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5110199

The accuracy of a map is dependent on the reference dataset used in its construction. Classification analyses used in thematic mapping can, for example, be sensitive to a range of sampling and data quality concerns. With particular focus on the latte... Read More about The sensitivity of mapping methods to reference data quality: training supervised image classifications with imperfect reference data.

Integration of remote-sensing and ground-based observations for estimation of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in forests: methods and guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative (2016)
Report
Penman, J., Green, C., Olofsson, P., Raison, J., Woodcock, C., Balzter, H., …Foody, G. M. (2016). Integration of remote-sensing and ground-based observations for estimation of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in forests: methods and guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative. U.N.Food and Agriculture Organization

The Global Forest Observations Initiative (GFOI) was established by GEO in 2011, to assist countries to produce reliable, consistent reports on change in forest cover and forest use, and associated anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals.

An iterative interpolation deconvolution algorithm for superresolution land cover mapping (2016)
Journal Article
Ling, F., Foody, G. M., Ge, Y., Li, X., & Du, Y. (2016). An iterative interpolation deconvolution algorithm for superresolution land cover mapping. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 54(12), 7210-7222. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2598534

Super-resolution mapping (SRM) is a method to produce a fine spatial resolution land cover map from coarse spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery. A popular approach for SRM is a two-step algorithm, which first increases the spatial resolution of... Read More about An iterative interpolation deconvolution algorithm for superresolution land cover mapping.

Assessing a temporal change strategy for sub-pixel land cover change mapping from multi-scale remote sensing imagery (2016)
Journal Article
Ling, F., Foody, G., Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Du, Y. (in press). Assessing a temporal change strategy for sub-pixel land cover change mapping from multi-scale remote sensing imagery. Remote Sensing, 8(8), https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080642

Remotely sensed imagery is an attractive source of information for mapping and monitoring land cover. Fine spatial resolution imagery is typically acquired infrequently, but fine temporal resolution systems commonly provide coarse spatial resolution... Read More about Assessing a temporal change strategy for sub-pixel land cover change mapping from multi-scale remote sensing imagery.

Investigating the feasibility of geo-tagged photographs as sources of land cover input data (2016)
Journal Article
Antoniou, V., Costa Fonte, C., See, L., Estima, J., Arsanjani, J. J., Lupia, F., …Fritz, S. (2016). Investigating the feasibility of geo-tagged photographs as sources of land cover input data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 5(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5050064

Geo-tagged photographs are used increasingly as a source of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), which could potentially be used for land use and land cover applications. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the feasibility of using this sour... Read More about Investigating the feasibility of geo-tagged photographs as sources of land cover input data.

Improving super-resolution mapping through combining multiple super-resolution land-cover maps (2016)
Journal Article
Li, X., Ling, F., Foody, G. M., & Du, Y. (2016). Improving super-resolution mapping through combining multiple super-resolution land-cover maps. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 37(10), 2415-2432. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1148288

Super-resolution mapping (SRM) is an ill-posed problem, and different SRM algorithms may generate non-identical fine spatial resolution land-cover maps (sub-pixel maps) from the same input coarse spatial resolution image. The output sub-pixels maps m... Read More about Improving super-resolution mapping through combining multiple super-resolution land-cover maps.

Crowdsourcing, citizen science or volunteered geographic information? The current state of crowdsourced geographic information (2016)
Journal Article
See, L., Mooney, P., Foody, G. M., Bastin, L., Comber, A., Estima, J., …Rutzinger, M. (2016). Crowdsourcing, citizen science or volunteered geographic information? The current state of crowdsourced geographic information. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 5(5), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5050055

Citizens are increasingly becoming an important source of geographic information, sometimes entering domains that had until recently been the exclusive realm of authoritative agencies. This activity has a very diverse character as it can, amongst oth... Read More about Crowdsourcing, citizen science or volunteered geographic information? The current state of crowdsourced geographic information.

Learning-Based Superresolution Land Cover Mapping (2016)
Journal Article
Ling, F., Zhang, Y., Foody, G. M., Li, X., Zhang, X., Fang, S., …Du, Y. (2016). Learning-Based Superresolution Land Cover Mapping. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 54(7), 3794-3810. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2527841

Super-resolution mapping (SRM) is a technique for generating a fine spatial resolution land cover map from coarse spatial resolution fraction images estimated by soft classification. The prior model used to describe the fine spatial resolution land c... Read More about Learning-Based Superresolution Land Cover Mapping.

A Superresolution Land-Cover Change Detection Method Using Remotely Sensed Images With Different Spatial Resolutions (2016)
Journal Article
Li, X., Ling, F., Foody, G. M., & Du, Y. (2016). A Superresolution Land-Cover Change Detection Method Using Remotely Sensed Images With Different Spatial Resolutions. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 54(7), 3822-3841. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2528583

The development of remote sensing has enabled the acquisition of information on land-cover change at different spatial scales. However, a trade-off between spatial and temporal resolutions normally exists. Fine-spatial-resolution images have low temp... Read More about A Superresolution Land-Cover Change Detection Method Using Remotely Sensed Images With Different Spatial Resolutions.

Geographically weighted evidence combination approaches for combining discordant and inconsistent volunteered geographical information (2016)
Journal Article
Comber, A., Fonte, C., Foody, G. M., Fritz, S., Harris, P., Olteanu-Raimond, A., & See, L. (in press). Geographically weighted evidence combination approaches for combining discordant and inconsistent volunteered geographical information. Geoinformatica Polonica, 20(3), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-016-0248-z

There is much interest in being able to combine crowdsourced data. One of the critical issues in information sciences is how to combine data or information that are discordant or inconsistent in some way. Many previous approaches have taken a majorit... Read More about Geographically weighted evidence combination approaches for combining discordant and inconsistent volunteered geographical information.

The scale of VGI in map production: a perspective of European National Mapping Agencies (2016)
Journal Article
Olteanu-Raimond, A., Hart, G., Foody, G. M., Touya, G., Kellenberger, T., & Demetriou, D. (in press). The scale of VGI in map production: a perspective of European National Mapping Agencies. Transactions in GIS, https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12189

The perspective of European National Mapping Agencies (NMA) on the role of citizen sensing in map production was explored. The NMAs varied greatly in their engagement with the community generating volunteered geographic information (VGI) and in their... Read More about The scale of VGI in map production: a perspective of European National Mapping Agencies.

Impacts of species misidentification on species distribution modeling with presence-only data (2015)
Journal Article
Costa, H., Foody, G. M., Jiménez, S., & Silva, L. (2015). Impacts of species misidentification on species distribution modeling with presence-only data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(4),

Spatial records of species are commonly misidentified, which can change the predicted distribution of a species obtained from a species distribution model (SDM). Experiments were undertaken to predict the distribution of real and simulated species us... Read More about Impacts of species misidentification on species distribution modeling with presence-only data.

Accurate attribute mapping from volunteered geographic information: issues of volunteer quantity and quality (2015)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M., See, L., Fritz, S., van der Velde, M., Perger, C., Schill, C., …Comber, A. (2015). Accurate attribute mapping from volunteered geographic information: issues of volunteer quantity and quality. Cartographic Journal, 52(4), https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2015.1108658

Crowdsourcing is a popular means of acquiring data, but the use of such data is limited by concerns with its quality. This is evident within cartography and geographical sciences more generally, with the quality of volunteered geographic information... Read More about Accurate attribute mapping from volunteered geographic information: issues of volunteer quantity and quality.

An assessment of citizen contributed ground reference data for land cover map accuracy assessment (2015)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2015). An assessment of citizen contributed ground reference data for land cover map accuracy assessment. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2(3/W5), https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-II-3-W5-219-2015

It is now widely accepted that an accuracy assessment should be part of a thematic mapping programme. Authoritative good or best practices for accuracy assessment have been defined but are often impractical to implement. Key reasons for this situatio... Read More about An assessment of citizen contributed ground reference data for land cover map accuracy assessment.

Enhancing the spatial resolution of satellite-derived land surface temperature mapping for urban areas (2015)
Journal Article
Feng, X., Foody, G., Aplin, P., & Gosling, S. (2015). Enhancing the spatial resolution of satellite-derived land surface temperature mapping for urban areas. Sustainable Cities and Society, 19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2015.04.007

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important environmental variable for urban studies such as those focused on the urban heat island (UHI). Though satellite-derived LST could be a useful complement to traditional LST data sources, the spatial resol... Read More about Enhancing the spatial resolution of satellite-derived land surface temperature mapping for urban areas.

Usability of VGI for validation of land cover maps (2015)
Journal Article
Fonte, C., Bastin, L., See, L., Foody, G. M., & Lupia, F. (2015). Usability of VGI for validation of land cover maps. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 29(7), https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2015.1018266

Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) represents a growing source of potentially valuable data for many applications, including land cover map validation. It is still an emerging field and many different approaches can be used to take value from V... Read More about Usability of VGI for validation of land cover maps.

Valuing map validation: the need for rigorous land cover map accuracy assessment in economic valuations of ecosystem services (2015)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2015). Valuing map validation: the need for rigorous land cover map accuracy assessment in economic valuations of ecosystem services. Ecological Economics, 111(March), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.003

Valuations of ecosystem services often use data on land cover class areal extent. Area estimates from land cover maps may be biased by misclassification error resulting in flawed assessments and inaccurate valuations. Adjustment for misclassification... Read More about Valuing map validation: the need for rigorous land cover map accuracy assessment in economic valuations of ecosystem services.

Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change (2014)
Journal Article
Olofsson, P., Foody, G. M., Herold, M., Stehman, S. V., Woodcock, C. E., & Wulder, M. A. (2014). Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change. Remote Sensing of Environment, 148, 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.015

The remote sensing science and application communities have developed increasingly reliable, consistent, and robust approaches for capturing land dynamics to meet a range of information needs. Statistically robust and transparent approaches for asses... Read More about Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change.

Rating crowdsourced annotations: evaluating contributions of variable quality and completeness (2013)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2014). Rating crowdsourced annotations: evaluating contributions of variable quality and completeness. International Journal of Digital Earth, 7(8), 650-670. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2013.839008

Crowdsourcing has become a popular means to acquire data about the Earth and its environment inexpensively, but the data-sets obtained are typically imperfect and of unknown quality. Two common imperfections with crowdsourced data are the contributio... Read More about Rating crowdsourced annotations: evaluating contributions of variable quality and completeness.

Assessing the accuracy of volunteered geographic information arising from multiple contributors to an internet based collaborative project (2013)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M., See, L., Fritz, S., Van der Velde, M., Perger, C., Schill, C., & Boyd, D. (2013). Assessing the accuracy of volunteered geographic information arising from multiple contributors to an internet based collaborative project. Transactions in GIS, 17(6), 847-860. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12033

The recent rise of neogeography and citizen sensing has increased the opportunities for the use of crowdsourcing as a means to acquire data to support geographical research. The value of the resulting volunteered geographic information is, however, o... Read More about Assessing the accuracy of volunteered geographic information arising from multiple contributors to an internet based collaborative project.

Impact of land cover patch size on the accuracy of patch area representation in HNN-based super resolution mapping (2012)
Journal Article
Muad, A. M., & Foody, G. M. (2012). Impact of land cover patch size on the accuracy of patch area representation in HNN-based super resolution mapping. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 5(1418 - 1427), 1418-1427. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2191145

Mixed pixels are one of the largest sources of error and uncertainty in mapping from remotely sensed data. A Hopfield neural network based approach to super-resolution mapping has become popular for mapping at a sub-pixel scale, partly because it see... Read More about Impact of land cover patch size on the accuracy of patch area representation in HNN-based super resolution mapping.

An overview of recent remote sensing and GIS based research in ecological informatics (2011)
Journal Article
Boyd, D. S., & Foody, G. M. (2011). An overview of recent remote sensing and GIS based research in ecological informatics. Ecological Informatics, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.07.007

This article provides an overview of some of the recent research in ecological informatics involving remote sensing and GIS. Attention focuses on a selected range of issues including topics such as the nature of remote sensing data sets, issues of ac... Read More about An overview of recent remote sensing and GIS based research in ecological informatics.

Feature selection for classification of hyperspectral data by SVM (2010)
Journal Article
Pal, M., & Foody, G. M. (2010). Feature selection for classification of hyperspectral data by SVM. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 48(5), https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2039484

SVM are attractive for the classification of remotely sensed data with some claims that the method is insensitive to the dimensionality of the data and so not requiring a dimensionality reduction analysis in pre-processing. Here, a series of classifi... Read More about Feature selection for classification of hyperspectral data by SVM.

Assessing the accuracy of land cover change with imperfect ground reference data (2010)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2010). Assessing the accuracy of land cover change with imperfect ground reference data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(10), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.05.003

The ground data used as a reference in the validation of land cover change products are often not an ideal gold standard but degraded by error. The effects of ground reference data error on the accuracy of land cover change detection and the accuracy... Read More about Assessing the accuracy of land cover change with imperfect ground reference data.

Crop classification by a support vector machine with intelligently selected training data for an operational application (2008)
Journal Article
Mathur, A., & Foody, G. M. (2008). Crop classification by a support vector machine with intelligently selected training data for an operational application. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(8), https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701395203

The accuracy of supervised classification is dependent to a large extent on the training data used. The aim is often to capture a large training set to fully describe the classes spectrally, commonly with the requirements of a conventional statistica... Read More about Crop classification by a support vector machine with intelligently selected training data for an operational application.

RVM-based multi-class classification of remotely sensed data (2008)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2008). RVM-based multi-class classification of remotely sensed data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(6), https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701822115

The relevance vector machine (RVM), a Bayesian extension of the support vector machine (SVM), has considerable potential for the analysis of remotely sensed data. Here, the RVM is introduced and used to derive a multi-class classification of land cov... Read More about RVM-based multi-class classification of remotely sensed data.

Harshness in image classification accuracy assessment (2008)
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. (2008). Harshness in image classification accuracy assessment. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(11), https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701442120

Thematic mapping via a classification analysis is one of the most common applications of remote sensing. The accuracy of image classifications is, however, often viewed negatively. Here, it is suggested that the approach to the evaluation of image cl... Read More about Harshness in image classification accuracy assessment.

One-class classification for monitoring a specific land cover class: SVDD classification of fenland (2007)
Journal Article
Sanchez-Hernandez, C., Boyd, D. S., & Foody, G. M. (2007). One-class classification for monitoring a specific land cover class: SVDD classification of fenland. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 45(4), https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.890414

Remote sensing is a major source of land cover information. Commonly, interest focuses on a single land cover class. Although a conventional multi-class classifier may be used to provide a map depicting the class of interest the analysis is not focus... Read More about One-class classification for monitoring a specific land cover class: SVDD classification of fenland.

A relative evaluation of multi-class image classification by support vector machines
Journal Article
Foody, G. M., & Mathur, A. A relative evaluation of multi-class image classification by support vector machines. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 42(6), https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.827257

Support vector machines (SVM) have considerable potential as classifiers of remotely sensed data. A constraint on their application in remote sensing has been their binary nature, requiring multi-class classifications to be based upon a large number... Read More about A relative evaluation of multi-class image classification by support vector machines.

Classification accuracy comparison: hypothesis tests and the use of confidence intervals in evaluations of difference, equivalence and non-inferiority
Journal Article
Foody, G. M. Classification accuracy comparison: hypothesis tests and the use of confidence intervals in evaluations of difference, equivalence and non-inferiority. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113(8), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.03.014

The comparison of classification accuracy statements has generally been based upon tests of difference or inequality when other scenarios and approaches may be more appropriate. Procedures for evaluating two scenarios with interest focused on the sim... Read More about Classification accuracy comparison: hypothesis tests and the use of confidence intervals in evaluations of difference, equivalence and non-inferiority.