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State-of-the-art in microwave processing of metals, metal powders and alloys (2024)
Journal Article
Hossain, F., Turner, J. V., Wilson, R., Chen, L., de Looze, G., Kingman, S. W., …Dimitrakis, G. (2024). State-of-the-art in microwave processing of metals, metal powders and alloys. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 202, Article 114650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114650

Discovery of the capacity of microwave energy to heat materials was a major milestone in the history of technology and scientific research. This discovery led to the development of many devices and processes that have replaced conventional heating me... Read More about State-of-the-art in microwave processing of metals, metal powders and alloys.

Coaxial Dielectric Spectroscopy as an In-Line Process Analytical Technique for Reaction Monitoring (2023)
Journal Article
Dalligos, D. M., Pilling, M. J., Dimitrakis, G., & Ball, L. T. (2023). Coaxial Dielectric Spectroscopy as an In-Line Process Analytical Technique for Reaction Monitoring. Organic Process Research and Development, 27(6), 1094-1103. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00081

The suitability of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (DS) as a tool for in-line (in situ) reaction monitoring is demonstrated. Using the esterification of 4-nitrophenol as a test-case, we show that multivariate analysis of time-resolved DS data – col... Read More about Coaxial Dielectric Spectroscopy as an In-Line Process Analytical Technique for Reaction Monitoring.

Ring opening polymerisation of ɛ-caprolactone with novel microwave magnetic heating and cyto-compatible catalyst (2023)
Journal Article
Wang, K., Ni, M., Dundas, A. A., Dimitrakis, G., & Irvine, D. J. (2023). Ring opening polymerisation of ɛ-caprolactone with novel microwave magnetic heating and cyto-compatible catalyst. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, Article 1123477. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1123477

We report on the ring-opening polymerization of ɛ-caprolactone incorporated with a magnetic susceptible catalyst, FeCl3, via the use of microwave magnetic heating (HH) which primarily heats the bulk with a magnetic field (H-field) from an electromagn... Read More about Ring opening polymerisation of ɛ-caprolactone with novel microwave magnetic heating and cyto-compatible catalyst.

Small Bubbles Formation and Contribution to the Overall Gas Holdup in Large Diameter Columns of Very High Viscosity Oil (2022)
Journal Article
Mohammed, S. K., Hasan, A. H., Dimitrakis, G., & Azzopardi, B. J. (2022). Small Bubbles Formation and Contribution to the Overall Gas Holdup in Large Diameter Columns of Very High Viscosity Oil. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 152, Article 104104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2022.104104

A limited number of studies are available in literature on the small bubbles which create from gas-very high viscosity oils interaction and its contribution to the gas holdup in the system. The rate of small bubble formation has an important impact o... Read More about Small Bubbles Formation and Contribution to the Overall Gas Holdup in Large Diameter Columns of Very High Viscosity Oil.

Evaluation of Microwave Applicator Design on Electromagnetic Field Distribution and Heating Pattern of Cooked Peeled Shrimp (2021)
Journal Article
Siguemoto, É. S., Gut, J. A. W., Dimitrakis, G., Curet, S., & Boillereaux, L. (2021). Evaluation of Microwave Applicator Design on Electromagnetic Field Distribution and Heating Pattern of Cooked Peeled Shrimp. Foods, 10(8), Article 1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081903

Non-uniform temperature distribution within solid food is a major problem associated with microwave heating, which limits industrial applications. Therefore, an experimentally validated 3D model was proposed to study the effect of microwave applicato... Read More about Evaluation of Microwave Applicator Design on Electromagnetic Field Distribution and Heating Pattern of Cooked Peeled Shrimp.

Effects of the heating source on the regeneration performance of different adsorbents under post-combustion carbon capture cyclic operations. A comparative analysis (2021)
Journal Article
Yassin, M., Anderson, J., Dimitrakis, G., & Martín, C. (2021). Effects of the heating source on the regeneration performance of different adsorbents under post-combustion carbon capture cyclic operations. A comparative analysis. Separation and Purification Technology, 276, Article 119326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119326

This work presents a comparative study of microwave and conventional (conductive) heating for adsorbent regeneration. A binary gas mixture representative of pre-dried flue gas from coal-fired power plants (15% v/v CO2 in N2) was passed through a rota... Read More about Effects of the heating source on the regeneration performance of different adsorbents under post-combustion carbon capture cyclic operations. A comparative analysis.

A new approach for the vitrification of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash by microwave irradiation (2020)
Journal Article
Flesoura, G., Dilissen, N., Dimitrakis, G., Vleugels, J., & Pontikes, Y. (2021). A new approach for the vitrification of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash by microwave irradiation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 284, Article 124787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124787

Encouraging the transition to a circular economy, the valorization of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) has received considerable attention in many processes. In the present work, flash microwave vitrification was effectively r... Read More about A new approach for the vitrification of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash by microwave irradiation.

Microwave assisted sintering of Na-β’’-Al2O3 in single mode cavities: Insights in the use of 2450 MHz frequency and preliminary experiments at 5800 MHz (2020)
Journal Article
Mortalò, C., Rosa, R., Veronesi, P., Fasolin, S., Zin, V., Deambrosis, S. M., …Leonelli, C. (2020). Microwave assisted sintering of Na-β’’-Al2O3 in single mode cavities: Insights in the use of 2450 MHz frequency and preliminary experiments at 5800 MHz. Ceramics International, 46(18, Part A), 28767-28777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.08.039

Microwave assisted sintering of Na-beta’’-Al2O3 in single mode cavities was accurately investigated. The use of single mode cavity allowed monitoring the parameters affecting the sintering process, like the forward power, together with the temperatur... Read More about Microwave assisted sintering of Na-β’’-Al2O3 in single mode cavities: Insights in the use of 2450 MHz frequency and preliminary experiments at 5800 MHz.

Validating a Predictive Structure-Property Relationship by Discovery of Novel Polymers which Reduce Bacterial Biofilm Formation (2019)
Journal Article
Dundas, A. A., Sanni, O., Dubern, J.-F., Dimitrakis, G., Hook, A. L., Irvine, D. J., …Alexander, M. R. (2019). Validating a Predictive Structure-Property Relationship by Discovery of Novel Polymers which Reduce Bacterial Biofilm Formation. Advanced Materials, 31(49), Article 1903513. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201903513

ynthetic materials are an everyday component of modern healthcare yet often fail routinely as a consequence of medical‐device‐centered infections. The incidence rate for catheter‐associated urinary tract infections is between 3% and 7% for each day o... Read More about Validating a Predictive Structure-Property Relationship by Discovery of Novel Polymers which Reduce Bacterial Biofilm Formation.

Optimised mode selection in electromagnetic sensors for real time, continuous and in-situ monitoring of water cut in multi-phase flow systems (2019)
Journal Article
Yuan, C., Bowler, A., Davies, J. G., Hewakandamby, B., & Dimitrakis, G. (2019). Optimised mode selection in electromagnetic sensors for real time, continuous and in-situ monitoring of water cut in multi-phase flow systems. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 298, Article 126886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.126886

Measurements of the composition of multiphase flows, especially water-cut in oil-water flow, is a frequently encountered problem in the petroleum industry. New techniques that can offer improvements towards that are continuously sought and the use of... Read More about Optimised mode selection in electromagnetic sensors for real time, continuous and in-situ monitoring of water cut in multi-phase flow systems.

Methodology for the synthesis of methacrylate monomers using designed single mode microwave applicators (2019)
Journal Article
Dundas, A. A., Hook, A. L., Alexander, M. R., Kingman, S. W., Dimitrakis, G., & Irvine, D. J. (2019). Methodology for the synthesis of methacrylate monomers using designed single mode microwave applicators. Reaction Chemistry and Engineering, 4(8), 1472-1476. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9re00173e

© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. A novel single-well prototype high throughput microwave reactor geometry has been produced and shown to be capable of synthesizing an array of non-commercially available methacrylate monomers. The reactor, which... Read More about Methodology for the synthesis of methacrylate monomers using designed single mode microwave applicators.

Experimental and computational investigation of heat transfer in a microwave-assisted flow system (2019)
Journal Article
Damilos, S., Radhakrishnan, A. N. P., Dimitrakis, G., Tang, J., & Gavriilidis, A. (2019). Experimental and computational investigation of heat transfer in a microwave-assisted flow system. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 142, Article 107537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2019.107537

Microwave technology is gaining popularity as a tool for chemical process intensification and an alternative to conventional heating. However, in flow systems non-uniform temperature profiles are commonly encountered and hence methods to characterise... Read More about Experimental and computational investigation of heat transfer in a microwave-assisted flow system.

Highly efficient multifunctional ionic liquid for PET glycolysis under microwave irradiation (2019)
Journal Article
Cot, S., Leu, M. K., Kalamiotis, A., Dimitrakis, G., Sans Sangorrin, V., de Pedro, I., & Cano, I. (2019). Highly efficient multifunctional ionic liquid for PET glycolysis under microwave irradiation. ChemPlusChem, 84(7), 786-793. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201900075

An oxalate‐bridged binuclear iron(III) ionic liquid combined with an imidazolium based cation, (dimim)2[Fe2Cl4(μ‐ox)], was synthesized and characterized by a wide range of techniques. This halometallate ionic liquid was active in catalyzing the depol... Read More about Highly efficient multifunctional ionic liquid for PET glycolysis under microwave irradiation.

The relationship of dielectric response and water activity in food (2018)
Journal Article
Renshaw, R. C., Dimitrakis, G. A., Robinson, J. P., & Kingman, S. W. (2019). The relationship of dielectric response and water activity in food. Journal of Food Engineering, 244, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.08.037

This study has deduced a correlation between points of inflection of water activity and loss factor with respect to moisture content. A point of inflection in loss factor with respect to moisture content was found to coincide with the sorption isothe... Read More about The relationship of dielectric response and water activity in food.

Selective molecular annealing: in situ small angle X-ray scattering study of microwave-assisted annealing of block copolymers (2017)
Journal Article

Microwave annealing has emerged as an alternative to traditional thermal annealing approaches for optimising block copolymer self-assembly. A novel sample environment enabling small angle X-ray scattering to be performed in situ during microwave anne... Read More about Selective molecular annealing: in situ small angle X-ray scattering study of microwave-assisted annealing of block copolymers.

Exemplification of catalyst design for microwave selective heating and its application to efficient in situ catalyst synthesis (2017)
Journal Article
Wang, K., Dimitrakis, G., & Irvine, D. J. (2017). Exemplification of catalyst design for microwave selective heating and its application to efficient in situ catalyst synthesis. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2017.01.012

The use of dielectric spectroscopy to develop an underpinning understanding of the molecular transformations involved in achieving the successful, rapid in situ synthesis of a catalytic chain transfer polymerisation (CCTP) catalyst using microwave he... Read More about Exemplification of catalyst design for microwave selective heating and its application to efficient in situ catalyst synthesis.

Traceable measurement and imaging of the complex permittivity of a multiphase mineral specimen at micron scales using a microwave microscope (2016)
Journal Article
Gregory, A., Blackburn, J., Hodgetts, T., Clarke, R., Lees, K., Plint, S., & Dimitrakis, G. (2017). Traceable measurement and imaging of the complex permittivity of a multiphase mineral specimen at micron scales using a microwave microscope. Ultramicroscopy, 172, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.11.001

This paper describes traceable measurements of the dielectric permittivity and loss tangent of a multiphase material (particulate rock set in epoxy) at micron scales using a resonant Near-Field Scanning Microwave Microscope (NSMM) at 1.2 GHz. Calibra... Read More about Traceable measurement and imaging of the complex permittivity of a multiphase mineral specimen at micron scales using a microwave microscope.