Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study

Jia, Ru; Ayling, Kieran; Chalder, Trudie; Massey, Adam; Broadbent, Elizabeth; Coupland, Carol; Vedhara, Kavita

Abstract

Objectives: Previous pandemics have resulted in significant consequences for mental health. Here, we report the mental health sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic in a UK cohort and examine modifiable and non-modifiable explanatory factors associated with mental health outcomes. We focus on the first wave of data collection, which examined short-term consequences for mental health, as reported during the first 4–6 weeks of social distancing measures being introduced.

Design: Cross-sectional online survey.

Setting: Community cohort study.

Participants: N=3097 adults aged ≥18 years were recruited through a mainstream and social media campaign between 3 April 2020 and 30 April 2020. The cohort was predominantly female (n=2618); mean age 44 years; 10% (n=296) from minority ethnic groups; 50% (n=1559) described themselves as key workers and 20% (n=649) identified as having clinical risk factors putting them at increased risk of COVID-19.

Main outcome measures: Depression, anxiety and stress scores.

Results: Mean scores for depression (Embedded Image =7.69, SD=6.0), stress (Embedded Image =6.48, SD=3.3) and anxiety (Embedded Image = 6.48, SD=3.3) significantly exceeded population norms (all p < 0.0001). Analysis of non-modifiable factors hypothesised to be associated with mental health outcomes indicated that being younger, female and in a recognised COVID-19 risk group were associated with increased stress, anxiety and depression, with the final multivariable models accounting for 7%–14% of variance. When adding modifiable factors, significant independent effects emerged for positive mood, perceived loneliness and worry about getting COVID-19 for all outcomes, with the final multivariable models accounting for 54%–57% of total variance.

Conclusions: Increased psychological morbidity was evident in this UK sample and found to be more common in younger people, women and in individuals who identified as being in recognised COVID-19 risk groups. Public health and mental health interventions able to ameliorate perceptions of risk of COVID-19, worry about COVID-19 loneliness and boost positive mood may be effective.

Citation

Jia, R., Ayling, K., Chalder, T., Massey, A., Broadbent, E., Coupland, C., & Vedhara, K. (2020). Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study. BMJ Open, 10(9), Article e040620. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040620

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Aug 25, 2020
• Online Publication Date: Sep 15, 2020
• Publication Date: Sep 15, 2020
• Deposit Date: Sep 1, 2020
• Publicly Available Date: Sep 15, 2020
• Journal: BMJ Open
• Electronic ISSN: 2044-6055
• Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 10
• Issue: 9
• Article Number: e040620
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040620
• Keywords: COVID_19, pandemic, mental health, UK
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/4872041
• Publisher URL: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/9/e040620