Processing Apples to Puree or Juice Speeds Gastric Emptying and Reduces Postprandial Intestinal Volumes and Satiety in Healthy Adults

Krishnasamy, Shanthi; Lomer, Miranda Clare Elizabeth; Marciani, Luca; Hoad, Caroline Louise; Pritchard, Susan Elizabeth; Paul, Joe; Gowland, Penny Ann; Spiller, Robin Charles

Abstract

Background: Whole apples produce greater satiety than processed apples, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
Objective: Our aim was to assess the intragastric processing of apple preparations and the associated small and large bowel contents using MRI.
Methods: An open label , 3-way crossover, randomized, controlled trial. 18 healthy adults [mean ± SD age, 25±4y; BMI(kg/m 2), 22.7±3.5] underwent serial MR scans on 3 occasions separated by 7d, after consumption of isocaloric (178 kcal) portions of either whole apples, apple puree or apple juice. Gastric emptying, small bowel water content (SBWC)(Primary endpoint), were measured at baseline and at 45 minutes intervals (0-270 min) post meal ingestion. Fullness and satiety were also assessed at each time point. Treatment effects between groups were analyzed using ANOVA.
Results: Gastric emptying half-time (GE t 50) was greater (P < 0.0001) after participants consumed whole apple (mean ± SEM), 65 (3.3) min) compared with when they consumed apple puree (41(2.8) min) or apple juice (38 (2.9) min), times which did not differ. Postprandial AUC (135-270 min) SBWC was also greater for whole apples than puree (P = 0.025) and juice (P = 0.0004) but juice and puree did not differ. AUC for fullness and satiety (0-270 min) post-ingestion was also greater (P = 0.002 and 0.004 respectively) for whole apple compared to juice but juice and puree did not differ.
Conclusions: Gastric emptying is slower after whole apples consumption causing greater sensation of fullness and satiety than puree or juice in healthy adults. Whole apples increased small bowel and colonic contents during the later phase of the study which may be relevant for subsequent food consumption. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 03714464.

Citation

Krishnasamy, S., Lomer, M. C. E., Marciani, L., Hoad, C. L., Pritchard, S. E., Paul, J., Gowland, P. A., & Spiller, R. C. (2020). Processing Apples to Puree or Juice Speeds Gastric Emptying and Reduces Postprandial Intestinal Volumes and Satiety in Healthy Adults. Journal of Nutrition, 150(11), 2890-2899. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa191

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jun 12, 2020
• Online Publication Date: Aug 17, 2020
• Publication Date: 2020-11
• Deposit Date: Jun 10, 2020
• Publicly Available Date: Aug 18, 2021
• Journal: Journal of Nutrition
• Print ISSN: 0022-3166
• Electronic ISSN: 1541-6100
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 150
• Issue: 11
• Pages: 2890-2899
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa191
• Keywords: gastric emptying; small bowel water; magnetic resonance imaging; appetite; apples, healthy adults
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/4611793
• Publisher URL: https://academic.oup.com/jn/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jn/nxaa191/5893501