Risk factors associated with oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence within a young adult population

Whitton, Aimee F.; Knight, Gillian L.; Marsh, Elizabeth K.

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of, and risk factors for, genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections within the young adult population are well-established; the same is not known for oral HPV. This observational study aimed to determine oral HPV prevalence and abundance within a UK young adult population, and examine if sexual practices and established risk factors of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) (such as smoking and alcohol consumption) influenced HPV prevalence. Methods: Convenience sampling was used to recruit a small sample of 452 UK-based young adults studying at a higher education (HE) institution to the study; the study was not powered. A highly sensitive real-time PCR HPV screening method was developed for the detection of multiple HPV subtypes from oral swabs. HPV-positive samples were subsequently screened by qPCR for viral subtypes HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, HPV-18. Results were analysed by univariate and multivariate methods and stratified for gender, with lifestyle behaviour data collected via questionnaire. Socio-economic status was not captured within the questionnaire. Results: We found a high oral HPV prevalence of 22.79%, with a dominance of high-risk viral type HPV-16 (prevalence 19.12%; abundance average 1.08 × 105 copies/million cells) detected within healthy young adults. Frequent smoking (p = .05), masturbation (p = .029), and engagement in multiple sexual activities (p = .057), were found to be associated with oral HPV prevalence, and HPV-16 prevalence, whilst behaviours traditionally associated with genital HPV were not. Conclusions: Our results strengthen the link between sexual practices and oral HPV transmission. We suggest that young adults should be considered high-risk for the contraction of oral HPV, although acknowledge that this sample of HE students may not be representative of the wider population. We show that high-risk HPV-16 is prevalent in the healthy population, as well as dominating within OPSCC; this study is one of the first to determine the dominance of oral HPV-16 prevalence and abundance within this population, presenting a clear need for greater awareness of oral HPV infections, and the risk factors for HPV-positive OPSCC within young adults.

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: May 28, 2024
• Online Publication Date: Jun 3, 2024
• Publication Date: Jun 3, 2024
• Deposit Date: Jun 3, 2024
• Publicly Available Date: Jun 3, 2024
• Journal: BMC Public Health
• Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
• Publisher: Springer Verlag
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 24
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: 1485
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18977-x
• Keywords: Prevalence, Human papillomavirus, Risk factors, Sexual behaviour, Viral load
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/35718070
• Publisher URL: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-18977-x
• Additional Information: Received: 6 December 2023; Accepted: 28 May 2024; First Online: 3 June 2024; : ; : Ethical approval was given by the College of Life and Natural Sciences Research Ethics Committee at University of Derby (LSREC_1516_10). All participants gave full informed written consent to participate in the study.; : Not applicable.; : The authors declare no competing interests.