Pulse oximeter bench tests under different simulated skin tones

Swamy, Suvvi K. Narayana; He, Chenyang; Hayes‑Gill, Barrie R.; Clark, Daniel J.; Green, Sarah; Morgan, Stephen P.

Abstract

Pulse oximeters’ (POs) varying performance based on skin tones has been highly publicised. Compared to arterial blood gas analysis, POs tend to overestimate oxygen saturation (SpO2) values for people with darker skin (occult hypoxemia). The objective is to develop a test bench for assessing commercial home and hospital-based POs in controlled laboratory conditions. A laboratory simulator was used to mimic different SpO2 values (~ 70 to 100%).Different neutral density and synthetic melanin filters were used to reproduce low signal and varying melanin attenuation levels. Six devices consisting of commercial home (Biolight, N = 13; ChoiceMMed, N = 18; MedLinket, N = 9) and hospital-based (Masimo Radical 7 with Neo L, N = 1; GE B450 Masimo SET with LNCS Neo L, N = 1; Nonin 9550 Onyx II™, N = 1) POs were reviewed and their response documented. Significant variations were observed in the recorded SpO2 values among different POs when exposed to identical simulated signals. Differences were greatest for lower SpO2 (< 80%) where empirical data is limited. All PO responses under low signal and melanin attenuation did not change across various simulated SpO2 values. The bench tests do not provide conclusive evidence that melanin does not affect in vivo SpO2 measurements. Research in the areas of instrument calibration, theory and design needs to be further developed. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 6, 2024
• Online Publication Date: Apr 24, 2024
• Publication Date: Apr 24, 2024
• Deposit Date: Jun 24, 2024
• Publicly Available Date: Jun 25, 2024
• Journal: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing
• Print ISSN: 0140-0118
• Electronic ISSN: 1741-0444
• Publisher: Springer Verlag
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-024-03091-2
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/34103750
• Publisher URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11517-024-03091-2
• Additional Information: Received: 18 October 2023; Accepted: 6 April 2024; First Online: 24 April 2024