Willingness to adhere to current UK low-risk alcohol guidelines to potentially reduce dementia risk: a national survey of people aged 50 and over

Oliveira, Deborah; Jones, Katy A.; Ozupek, Semanur; Ogollah, Reuben; Hogervorst, Eef; Orrell, Martin

Abstract

Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality. A growing literature also links exposure to diverse air pollutants (e.g., nanoparticles, particulate matter, ozone, traffic-related air pollution) with brain health, including increased incidence of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as cognitive decline, dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease), anxiety, depression, and suicide. A critical gap in our understanding of adverse impacts of pollutants on the central nervous system (CNS) is the early initiating events triggered by pollutant inhalation that contribute to disease progression. Recent experimental evidence has shown that particulate matter and ozone, two common pollutants with differing characteristics and reactivity, can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and release glucocorticoid stress hormones (cortisol in humans, corticosterone in rodents) as part of a neuroendocrine stress response. The brain is highly sensitive to stress: stress hormones affect cognition and mental health, and chronic stress can produce profound biochemical and structural changes in the brain. Chronic activation and/or dysfunction of the HPA axis also increases the burden on physiological stress response systems, conceptualized as allostatic load, and is a common pathway implicated in many diseases. The present paper provides an overview of how systemic stress-dependent biological responses common to particulate matter and ozone may provide insight into early CNS effects of pollutants, including links with oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic processes. Evidence of pollutant effect modification by non-chemical stressors (e.g., socioeconomic position, psychosocial, noise), age (prenatal to elderly), and sex will also be reviewed in the context of susceptibility across the lifespan.

Citation

Oliveira, D., Jones, K. A., Ozupek, S., Ogollah, R., Hogervorst, E., & Orrell, M. (2019). Willingness to adhere to current UK low-risk alcohol guidelines to potentially reduce dementia risk: a national survey of people aged 50 and over. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 69(3), 829-837. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181224

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 2, 2019
• Online Publication Date: Jun 4, 2019
• Publication Date: Jun 4, 2019
• Deposit Date: Apr 8, 2019
• Publicly Available Date: Apr 8, 2019
• Journal: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
• Print ISSN: 1387-2877
• Electronic ISSN: 1875-8908
• Publisher: IOS Press
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 69
• Issue: 3
• Pages: 829-837
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181224
• Keywords: Clinical Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology; Psychiatry and Mental health; General Medicine
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1762432
• Publisher URL: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad181224