Professor IAN FISK's Outputs (143)

Gaussian mixture model clustering allows accurate semantic image segmentation of wheat kernels from near-infrared hyperspectral images (2025)
Journal Article
Kartakoullis, A., Caporaso, N., Whitworth, M. B., & Fisk, I. D. (2025). Gaussian mixture model clustering allows accurate semantic image segmentation of wheat kernels from near-infrared hyperspectral images. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 259, Article 105341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2025.105341

In this study, an ad-hoc image processing pipeline has been developed and proposed for the purpose of semantically segmenting wheat kernel data acquired through near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), characterize... Read More about Gaussian mixture model clustering allows accurate semantic image segmentation of wheat kernels from near-infrared hyperspectral images.

It tastes sweeter when melted: Exploring the impact of food temperature on tongue temperature and perceived sweetness/vanilla (2025)
Journal Article
McNeill, H., Ford, R., Fisk, I., Thibodeau, M., Liu, G., Doyennette, M., & Yang, Q. (2025). It tastes sweeter when melted: Exploring the impact of food temperature on tongue temperature and perceived sweetness/vanilla. Science Talks, 13, Article 100424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sctalk.2025.100424

The relationship between perceived sweetness intensity and temperature of food is complex. Previous research on the effect of temperature on sweetness perception primarily focused on single solutions. This study aimed to address the gap by using an i... Read More about It tastes sweeter when melted: Exploring the impact of food temperature on tongue temperature and perceived sweetness/vanilla.

Sustainable fertiliser mesh, ‘4D’-precision engineered by flow chemistry: minimising agrochemical pollution (2024)
Journal Article
Le, T. N. Q., Lim, C. N., Fisk, I., Tran, N. N., Hessel, V., & Robertson, K. (2025). Sustainable fertiliser mesh, ‘4D’-precision engineered by flow chemistry: minimising agrochemical pollution. Green Chemistry, 27(3), 696-715. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4gc04833d

Flow chemistry is best when opening “novel process windows”, and one of six NPW paths is “new chemical transformations”. Flow chemistry has a large impact on syntheses which are particularly mixing-sensitive. Here we exploit the NPW offered by flow c... Read More about Sustainable fertiliser mesh, ‘4D’-precision engineered by flow chemistry: minimising agrochemical pollution.

Mechanisms of aroma compound formation during the drying of Dendrobium nobile stems (Shihu) (2024)
Journal Article
Kirkwood, A., Fisk, I., Xu, Y., Reid, J., & Yang, N. (2025). Mechanisms of aroma compound formation during the drying of Dendrobium nobile stems (Shihu). Food Chemistry, 464, Part 3, Article 141888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141888

To ensure the aroma and flavour quality of dried herbs, it is essential to understand flavour reactions that occur during complex drying mechanisms. This study investigated aroma formation in dried Dendrobium nobile stems (Shihu), valued in Chinese c... Read More about Mechanisms of aroma compound formation during the drying of Dendrobium nobile stems (Shihu).

Cosmic-Ray Radiation Effects on Ibuprofen Tablet Formulation Inside and Outside of the International Space Station (2024)
Journal Article
Tran, Q. D., Spooner, N., Geoghehan, S., Thavarajah, S. R., Rahman, S., Tran, N. N., Williams, P. M., Jarquin, S. M., Kim, D., Davey, K., Buell, J., Shumbera, M., Gittleman, M., Clements, T., Stoudemire, J., Fisk, I., & Hessel, V. (2025). Cosmic-Ray Radiation Effects on Ibuprofen Tablet Formulation Inside and Outside of the International Space Station. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 14(4), Article 2402361. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202402361

In extreme environments people will have different needs for medicine(s), making it crucial to understand how such environments affect drug efficacy. Ibuprofen, commonly used in tablet formulation on Earth, could fail in space despite standard pharma... Read More about Cosmic-Ray Radiation Effects on Ibuprofen Tablet Formulation Inside and Outside of the International Space Station.

Development of analytical “aroma wheels” for Oolong tea infusions (Shuixian and Rougui) and prediction of dynamic aroma release and colour changes during “Chinese tea ceremony” with machine learning (2024)
Journal Article
Yang, N., Simon, J., Fang, W., Ayed, C., Zhang, W. E., Axell, M., Viltoriano, R., & Fisk, I. (2025). Development of analytical “aroma wheels” for Oolong tea infusions (Shuixian and Rougui) and prediction of dynamic aroma release and colour changes during “Chinese tea ceremony” with machine learning. Food Chemistry, 464, Article 141537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141537

The flavour of tea as a worldwide popular beverage has been studied extensively. This study aimed to apply established flavour analysis techniques (GC–MS, GC-O-MS and APCI-MS/MS) in innovative ways to characterise the flavour profile of oolong tea in... Read More about Development of analytical “aroma wheels” for Oolong tea infusions (Shuixian and Rougui) and prediction of dynamic aroma release and colour changes during “Chinese tea ceremony” with machine learning.

Advancing insights into microgravity induced muscle changes using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism (2024)
Journal Article
Beckett, L. J., Williams, P. M., Toh, L. S., Hessel, V., Gerstweiler, L., Fisk, I., Toronjo-Urquiza, L., & Chauhan, V. M. (2024). Advancing insights into microgravity induced muscle changes using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. npj Microgravity, 10(1), Article 79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-024-00418-z

Spaceflight presents significant challenges to the physiological state of living organisms. This can be due to the microgravity environment experienced during long-term space missions, resulting in alterations in muscle structure and function, such a... Read More about Advancing insights into microgravity induced muscle changes using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism.

Aroma and metabolite profiling in duckweeds: Exploring species and ecotypic variation to enable wider adoption as a food crop (2024)
Journal Article
Smith, K. E., Schäfer, M., Lim, M., Robles-Zazueta, C. A., Cowan, L., Fisk, I. D., Xu, S., & Murchie, E. H. (2024). Aroma and metabolite profiling in duckweeds: Exploring species and ecotypic variation to enable wider adoption as a food crop. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18, Article 101263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101263

Duckweeds (water lentils) are a nutritious human food source, with Wolffia species consumed traditionally in Eastern Asia. Duckweed contain up to 45 % protein by dry weight, high macronutrients, minerals and carotenoids. However, duckweed are not cul... Read More about Aroma and metabolite profiling in duckweeds: Exploring species and ecotypic variation to enable wider adoption as a food crop.

Characterisation of aroma-active compounds in dried Dendrobium spp. stems (Shihu) using GC-Olfactometry and a modified NIF-SNIF method (2024)
Journal Article
Kirkwood, A., Fisk, I., Xu, Y., & Yang, N. (2024). Characterisation of aroma-active compounds in dried Dendrobium spp. stems (Shihu) using GC-Olfactometry and a modified NIF-SNIF method. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 133, Article 106344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106344

Dendrobium orchid stems (Chinese name Shihu) are becoming popular ingredients in food and drinks such as wine, teas and desserts, however, its aroma chemistry is not currently understood. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatog... Read More about Characterisation of aroma-active compounds in dried Dendrobium spp. stems (Shihu) using GC-Olfactometry and a modified NIF-SNIF method.

Esterification and volatile compound manipulation using radiofrequency cold plasma (2024)
Journal Article
Warne, G. R., Lim, M., Lamichhane, P., Machala, Z., Hessel, V., Williams, P. M., & Fisk, I. D. (2024). Esterification and volatile compound manipulation using radiofrequency cold plasma. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 95, Article 103726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2024.103726

Esters are vital in many industries, including food; however, there are still significant opportunities to improve production efficiency, sustainability, and cost. Cold plasma was trialled as a novel tool to induce esterification. Cold plasma increas... Read More about Esterification and volatile compound manipulation using radiofrequency cold plasma.

Digital Twins in Agriculture: Orchestration and Applications (2024)
Journal Article
Escribà-Gelonch, M., Liang, S., van Schalkwyk, P., Fisk, I., Long, N. V. D., & Hessel, V. (2024). Digital Twins in Agriculture: Orchestration and Applications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 72(19), 10737-10752. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01934

Digital Twins have emerged as an outstanding opportunity for precision farming, digitally replicating in real-time the functionalities of objects and plants. A virtual replica of the crop, including key agronomic development aspects such as irrigatio... Read More about Digital Twins in Agriculture: Orchestration and Applications.

Tracking dry gin volatile organic compounds over distillation: a time course study (2024)
Journal Article
Parr, H., Sutherland, R., & Fisk, I. (2024). Tracking dry gin volatile organic compounds over distillation: a time course study. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 130(2), 93-111. https://doi.org/10.58430/jib.v130i2.49

Why was the work done: The influence of distillation time on the volatile composition of gin has not been examined in detail at a commercial distillery.

How was the work done: Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrom... Read More about Tracking dry gin volatile organic compounds over distillation: a time course study.

Investigation into the impact of egg white addition on the structural properties and flavour profile of gluten-free sourdough bread (2024)
Journal Article
Stinton, J., Dugina, K., Hewson, L., & Fisk, I. (2024). Investigation into the impact of egg white addition on the structural properties and flavour profile of gluten-free sourdough bread. Journal of Cereal Science, 117, Article 103903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2024.103903

The impact of egg white addition on structural and sensory qualities of gluten-free sourdough bread was investigated at three egg white-to-sourdough ratios: 25:75, 45:55, and 85:15, versus a sourdough-only control (0:100) Previously, egg white has re... Read More about Investigation into the impact of egg white addition on the structural properties and flavour profile of gluten-free sourdough bread.

Modeling of Space Crop-Based Dishes for Optimal Nutrient Delivery to Astronauts and Beyond on Earth (2023)
Journal Article
Liang, S., Rivera-Osorio, K., Burgess, A. J., Kumssa, D. B., Escribà-Gelonch, M., Fisk, I., Knowling, M., Stekel, D., & Hessel, V. (2024). Modeling of Space Crop-Based Dishes for Optimal Nutrient Delivery to Astronauts and Beyond on Earth. ACS Food Science & Technology, 4(1), 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.3c00396

Future long-term human exploration of space will need a supply of resources for astronauts, including fresh food from space farms. This means it is necessary to identify combinations of crops that can be successfully grown together and which provide... Read More about Modeling of Space Crop-Based Dishes for Optimal Nutrient Delivery to Astronauts and Beyond on Earth.

Radiofrequency cold plasma – A novel tool for flavour modification in fresh and freeze-dried strawberries (2023)
Journal Article
Warne, G. R., Lim, M., Wilkinson, K., Hessel, V., Williams, P. M., & Fisk, I. D. (2023). Radiofrequency cold plasma – A novel tool for flavour modification in fresh and freeze-dried strawberries. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 90, Article 103497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103497

Cold plasma treatment is an emerging non-thermal food processing tool. This study aimed to identify how cold plasma can improve the aroma of a model space food system (freeze-dried strawberries) by mitigating freeze-drying aroma losses. Cold plasma s... Read More about Radiofrequency cold plasma – A novel tool for flavour modification in fresh and freeze-dried strawberries.

The role of plant vasculature in tackling N2O emissions (2023)
Journal Article
Safdar, L. B., Fisk, I. D., & Foulkes, M. J. (2023). The role of plant vasculature in tackling N2O emissions. Trends in Plant Science, 28(12), 1354-1356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2023.09.012

Rising demand for protein-rich foods can impact N2O emissions from croplands. Recent research has pointed to the role of modified plant vasculature in grain protein increase. Here we highlight how discovering the mechanistic role of plant vasculature... Read More about The role of plant vasculature in tackling N2O emissions.

Microflow synthesis of a formulation of phosphorus fertiliser to enhance the P content in soil and P uptake in wheat (2023)
Journal Article
Nguyen Quang Le, T., Robertson, K., Escribà-Gelonch, M., Marschner, P., Nghiep Tran, N., Williams, P. M., Fisk, I., & Hessel, V. (2023). Microflow synthesis of a formulation of phosphorus fertiliser to enhance the P content in soil and P uptake in wheat. Green Chemistry, 25(22), 9422-9437. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3gc02859c

Highly soluble commercial phosphorus (P) fertilisers have been the most common form of P applied in agriculture for decades, but their releasing efficiency can be low because phosphate ions can easily bind with cations in the soil to form precipitate... Read More about Microflow synthesis of a formulation of phosphorus fertiliser to enhance the P content in soil and P uptake in wheat.

Challenges facing sustainable protein production: Opportunities for cereals (2023)
Journal Article
Safdar, L. B., Foulkes, M. J., Kleiner, F. H., Searle, I. R., Bhosale, R. A., Fisk, I. D., & Boden, S. A. (2023). Challenges facing sustainable protein production: Opportunities for cereals. Plant Communications, 4(6), Article 100716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100716

Rising demands for protein worldwide are likely to drive increases in livestock production, as meat provides ∼40% of dietary protein. This will come at a significant environmental cost, and a shift toward plant-based protein sources would therefore p... Read More about Challenges facing sustainable protein production: Opportunities for cereals.

Reviving grain quality in wheat through non-destructive phenotyping techniques like hyperspectral imaging (2023)
Journal Article
Safdar, L. B., Dugina, K., Saeidan, A., Yoshicawa, G. V., Caporaso, N., Gapare, B., Umer, M. J., Bhosale, R. A., Searle, I. R., Foulkes, M. J., Boden, S. A., & Fisk, I. D. (2023). Reviving grain quality in wheat through non-destructive phenotyping techniques like hyperspectral imaging. Food and Energy Security, 12(5), Article e498. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.498

A long-term goal of breeders and researchers is to develop crop varieties that can resist environmental stressors and produce high yields. However, prioritising yield often compromises improvement of other key traits, including grain quality, which i... Read More about Reviving grain quality in wheat through non-destructive phenotyping techniques like hyperspectral imaging.

A flavour perspective of Tiepishihu (Dendrobium officinale) – an emerging food ingredient from popular traditional Chinese medicinal plants: a review (2023)
Journal Article
Kirkwood, A., Fisk, I., Ayed, C., Xu, Y., & Yang, N. (2023). A flavour perspective of Tiepishihu (Dendrobium officinale) – an emerging food ingredient from popular traditional Chinese medicinal plants: a review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58(10), 4921-4930. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16608

Many Dendrobium orchid stems are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The most popular and premium species is Dendrobium officinale, and its stem in TCM is called Tiepishihu. Tiepishihu has a sweet flavour and is an ingredient in Chinese tea a... Read More about A flavour perspective of Tiepishihu (Dendrobium officinale) – an emerging food ingredient from popular traditional Chinese medicinal plants: a review.