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Chlorine Fixing Ability of Electric Arc Furnace Dust During the Thermal Degradation of Polyvinyl Chloride under Oxidative Conditions (2023)
Journal Article
Al-Harahsheh, M., Altarawneh, S., Al-Omari, M., Altarawneh, M., Kingman, S., & Dodds, C. (2023). Chlorine Fixing Ability of Electric Arc Furnace Dust During the Thermal Degradation of Polyvinyl Chloride under Oxidative Conditions. Jordanian Journal of Engineering and Chemical Industries, 6(3), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.48103/jjeci672023

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are two hazardous wastes that are accumulated world-wide at an alarming rate. Utilising these two wastes simultaneously towards a sustainable recycling loop can greatly mitigate their envi... Read More about Chlorine Fixing Ability of Electric Arc Furnace Dust During the Thermal Degradation of Polyvinyl Chloride under Oxidative Conditions.

A thermo-kinetic investigation on the thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of magnetite and hematite (2022)
Journal Article
Altarawneh, S., Al-Harahsheh, M., Buttress, A., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (2022). A thermo-kinetic investigation on the thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of magnetite and hematite. Thermochimica Acta, 718, Article 179390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2022.179390

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) which is accumulated in large amounts world-wide contains hematite (Fe2O3) and significant quantities of magnetite (Fe3O4). Waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) also poses a great environmental threat aside to accumulated E... Read More about A thermo-kinetic investigation on the thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of magnetite and hematite.

Thermodynamic, pyrolytic, and kinetic investigation on the thermal decomposition of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of franklinite (2022)
Journal Article
Altarawneh, S., Al-Harahsheh, M., Dodds, C., Buttress, A., & Kingman, S. (2022). Thermodynamic, pyrolytic, and kinetic investigation on the thermal decomposition of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of franklinite. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 168, 558-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.10.028

Thermal co-treatment of Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) may provide a viable route for reprocessing these hazardous materials within the circular economy. To develop and optimise a commercial treatment process, the compl... Read More about Thermodynamic, pyrolytic, and kinetic investigation on the thermal decomposition of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of franklinite.

S-band elliptical–cylindrical cavity resonator for material processing (2022)
Journal Article
Rodriguez, J., Ampuero, J., Valderrama, W., Buttress, A., Dodds, C., Kingman, S., & Carrasco, H. (2022). S-band elliptical–cylindrical cavity resonator for material processing. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 64(12), 2160-2164. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.33431

The development of an elliptical–cylindrical cavity for microwave thermal processing of materials at high electric field strengths is reported. The design methodology based on numerical modeling is validated by experimental measurements. The system c... Read More about S-band elliptical–cylindrical cavity resonator for material processing.

Thermal degradation kinetics of polyvinyl chloride in presence of zinc oxide (2021)
Journal Article
Altarawneh, S., Al-Harahsheh, M., Dodds, C., Buttress, A., & Kingman, S. (2022). Thermal degradation kinetics of polyvinyl chloride in presence of zinc oxide. Thermochimica Acta, 707, Article 179105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2021.179105

This work investigates the degradation kinetics and the pyrolysis behavior of Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and its mixture with ZnO using thermogravimetric analysis under an inert atmosphere. The investigation was carried out due to the increased inte... Read More about Thermal degradation kinetics of polyvinyl chloride in presence of zinc oxide.

Leaching behavior of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust – Poly(vinyl) chloride residues after oxidative thermal treatment (2021)
Journal Article
Al-Harahsheh, M., Altarawneh, S., Al-Omari, M., Altarawneh, M., Kingman, S., & Dodds, C. (2021). Leaching behavior of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust – Poly(vinyl) chloride residues after oxidative thermal treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 328, Article 129622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129622

Oxidative thermal treatment of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) mixed with poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) was carried out to study the impact of oxidizing environment on the extraction of valuable metals. The effect of oxygen partial pressure, temperatur... Read More about Leaching behavior of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust – Poly(vinyl) chloride residues after oxidative thermal treatment.

Microwave selective heating of electric arc furnace dust constituents toward sustainable recycling: Contribution of electric and magnetic fields (2021)
Journal Article
Altarawneh, S., Al-Harahsheh, M., Buttress, A., Dodds, C., Rodriguez, J., & Kingman, S. (2021). Microwave selective heating of electric arc furnace dust constituents toward sustainable recycling: Contribution of electric and magnetic fields. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 104, 521-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.09.001

Microwave heating of waste electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) for the purpose of its remediation has been studied extensively. However, these studies considered EAFD as a bulk material without addressing either the relative response of its individual c... Read More about Microwave selective heating of electric arc furnace dust constituents toward sustainable recycling: Contribution of electric and magnetic fields.

Microwave digestion of gibbsite and bauxite in sodium hydroxide (2020)
Journal Article
Dillinger, B., Batchelor, A., Katrib, J., Dodds, C., Suchicital, C., Kingman, S., & Clark, D. (2020). Microwave digestion of gibbsite and bauxite in sodium hydroxide. Hydrometallurgy, 192, Article 105257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105257

It was hypothesized that bauxite digestion may be improved by using microwave heating as it has been shown in literature that some material processes have improved efficiency. To test this hypothesis, a set of digestion experiments were conducted usi... Read More about Microwave digestion of gibbsite and bauxite in sodium hydroxide.

Developing a sustainable route to environmentally relevant metal-organic frameworks: ultra-rapid synthesis of MFM-300(Al) using microwave heating (2019)
Journal Article
Thomas-Hillman, I., Stevens, L. A., Lange, M., Möllmer, J., Lewis, W., Dodds, C., …Laybourn, A. (2019). Developing a sustainable route to environmentally relevant metal-organic frameworks: ultra-rapid synthesis of MFM-300(Al) using microwave heating. Green Chemistry, 21(18), 5039-5045. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9gc02375e

NO2, SO2 and CO2 are major air pollutants causing significant environmental and health problems. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), in particular [Al2(OH)2(C16O8H6)](H2O)6 (trivial names: NOTT-300/MFM-300(Al)), have shown great promise for capturing th... Read More about Developing a sustainable route to environmentally relevant metal-organic frameworks: ultra-rapid synthesis of MFM-300(Al) using microwave heating.

Methodology for the synthesis of methacrylate monomers using designed single mode microwave applicators (2019)
Journal Article
Dundas, A. A., Hook, A. L., Alexander, M. R., Kingman, S. W., Dimitrakis, G., & Irvine, D. J. (2019). Methodology for the synthesis of methacrylate monomers using designed single mode microwave applicators. Reaction Chemistry and Engineering, 4(8), 1472-1476. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9re00173e

© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. A novel single-well prototype high throughput microwave reactor geometry has been produced and shown to be capable of synthesizing an array of non-commercially available methacrylate monomers. The reactor, which... Read More about Methodology for the synthesis of methacrylate monomers using designed single mode microwave applicators.

Formation of Metallurgical Coke within Minutes through Coal Densification and Microwave Energy (2019)
Journal Article
Williams, O., Ure, A., Stevens, L., Binner, E., Dodds, C., Kingman, S., …Lester, E. (2019). Formation of Metallurgical Coke within Minutes through Coal Densification and Microwave Energy. Energy and Fuels, 33(7), 6817-6828. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00511

This paper shows how feedstock densification gives rise to a step change in the time required to create a metallurgical grade coke using microwave energy. Five densified coking and non-coking coals were heated in a multi-mode microwave 2450 MHz cavit... Read More about Formation of Metallurgical Coke within Minutes through Coal Densification and Microwave Energy.

Predicting the Behaviour of Near-Critical and Supercritical Alcohols at Microwave Frequencies: Validation of Molecular Dynamic Simulations as a Tool that can Substitute for Measurements under Extreme Experimental Conditions (2019)
Journal Article
Robinson, D., Irvine, D. J., Robinson, J. P., Lester, E. H., Kingman, S. W., & Dimitrakis, G. (2019). Predicting the Behaviour of Near-Critical and Supercritical Alcohols at Microwave Frequencies: Validation of Molecular Dynamic Simulations as a Tool that can Substitute for Measurements under Extreme Experimental Conditions. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 146, 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2019.01.018

Equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamic simulations, predicting the dielectric properties of near-critical and supercritical methanol and ethanol at microwave frequencies have been carried out. The autocorrelation functions of the dielectri... Read More about Predicting the Behaviour of Near-Critical and Supercritical Alcohols at Microwave Frequencies: Validation of Molecular Dynamic Simulations as a Tool that can Substitute for Measurements under Extreme Experimental Conditions.

Production of high purity silica by microfluidic-inclusion fracture using microwave pre-treatment (2018)
Journal Article
Buttress, A., Rodriguez, J., Ure, A., Ferrari, R., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (2019). Production of high purity silica by microfluidic-inclusion fracture using microwave pre-treatment. Minerals Engineering, 131, 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.11.025

© 2018 Demand for high purity silica used in component manufacture is set to outstrip current supply in the near future. As such, alternative processing routes to feed-stock materials suitable for use in lighting and solar cell fabrication are requir... Read More about Production of high purity silica by microfluidic-inclusion fracture using microwave pre-treatment.

Microwave pyrolysis of pecan nut shell and thermogravimetric, textural and spectroscopic characterization of carbonaceous products (2018)
Journal Article
Durán-Jiménez, G., Hernández-Montoya, V., Montes-Morán, M., Kingman, S., Monti, T., & Binner, E. (2018). Microwave pyrolysis of pecan nut shell and thermogravimetric, textural and spectroscopic characterization of carbonaceous products. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 135, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.09.007

In the present work, the pyrolysis of pecan nut shell was studied using microwave technology at different input power and exposure time. The carbonaceous products were characterized using elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, thermogravimetri... Read More about Microwave pyrolysis of pecan nut shell and thermogravimetric, textural and spectroscopic characterization of carbonaceous products.

The relationship of dielectric response and water activity in food (2018)
Journal Article
Renshaw, R. C., Dimitrakis, G. A., Robinson, J. P., & Kingman, S. W. (2019). The relationship of dielectric response and water activity in food. Journal of Food Engineering, 244, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.08.037

This study has deduced a correlation between points of inflection of water activity and loss factor with respect to moisture content. A point of inflection in loss factor with respect to moisture content was found to coincide with the sorption isothe... Read More about The relationship of dielectric response and water activity in food.

Combining continuous flow oscillatory baffled reactors and microwave heating: Process intensification and accelerated synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (2018)
Journal Article
Laybourn, A., López-Fernández, A. M., Thomas-Hillman, I., Katrib, J., Lewis, W., Dodds, C., …Kingman, S. W. (2019). Combining continuous flow oscillatory baffled reactors and microwave heating: Process intensification and accelerated synthesis of metal-organic frameworks. Chemical Engineering Journal, 356, 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.011

We have constructed a continuous flow oscillatory baffled reactor (CF-OBR) equipped with a homogeneous and controllable microwave applicator in an entirely novel design. This affords a new route to chemical production incorporating many of the princi... Read More about Combining continuous flow oscillatory baffled reactors and microwave heating: Process intensification and accelerated synthesis of metal-organic frameworks.

Applicability of mechanical tests for biomass pellet characterisation for bioenergy applications (2018)
Journal Article
Williams, O., Taylor, S., Lester, E., Kingman, S., Giddings, D., & Eastwick, C. (2018). Applicability of mechanical tests for biomass pellet characterisation for bioenergy applications. Materials, 11(8), https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081329

In this paper, the applicability of mechanical tests for biomass pellet characterisation was investigated. Pellet durability, quasi-static (low strain rate), and dynamic (high strain rate) mechanical tests were applied to mixed wood, eucalyptus, sunf... Read More about Applicability of mechanical tests for biomass pellet characterisation for bioenergy applications.

Realising the environmental benefits of metal–organic frameworks: recent advances in microwave synthesis (2018)
Journal Article
Thomas-Hillman, I., Laybourn, A., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. W. (in press). Realising the environmental benefits of metal–organic frameworks: recent advances in microwave synthesis. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02919a

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a broad class of porous crystalline materials that show great potential for a wide-range of applications in areas such as energy and environmental sustainability. MOFscan show significant advantages in gas selectiv... Read More about Realising the environmental benefits of metal–organic frameworks: recent advances in microwave synthesis.

Towards sustainable processing of columbite group minerals: Elucidating the relation between dielectric properties and physico-chemical transformations in the mineral phase (2017)
Journal Article
Sanchez-Segado, S., Monti, T., Katrib, J., Kingman, S., Dodds, C., & Jha, A. (2017). Towards sustainable processing of columbite group minerals: Elucidating the relation between dielectric properties and physico-chemical transformations in the mineral phase. Scientific Reports, 7(1), Article 18016. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18272-3

© 2017 The Author(s). Current methodologies for the extraction of tantalum and niobium pose a serious threat to human beings and the environment due to the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF). Niobium and tantalum metal powders and pentoxides are widely us... Read More about Towards sustainable processing of columbite group minerals: Elucidating the relation between dielectric properties and physico-chemical transformations in the mineral phase.

Thermal analysis on the pyrolysis of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Electric Arc Furnace Dust mixtures (2017)
Journal Article
Al-Harahsheh, M., Al-Otoom, A., Al-Jarrah, M., Altarawneh, M., & Kingman, S. (in press). Thermal analysis on the pyrolysis of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Electric Arc Furnace Dust mixtures. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 49(1), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-017-1121-7

The pyrolysis of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) mixed with Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and theoretically analysed using thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Mixtures of both materials with var... Read More about Thermal analysis on the pyrolysis of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Electric Arc Furnace Dust mixtures.

Microwave treatment of electric arc furnace dust with Tetrabromobisphenol A: Dielectric characterization and pyrolysis-leaching (2017)
Journal Article
Al-Harahsheh, M., Kingman, S., & Hamilton, I. S. (2017). Microwave treatment of electric arc furnace dust with Tetrabromobisphenol A: Dielectric characterization and pyrolysis-leaching. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.10.013

In the present work microwave treatment of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) mixed with tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) was investigated. A range of characterization techniques were used to understand the thermal behaviour of TBBPA-EAFD mixtures under m... Read More about Microwave treatment of electric arc furnace dust with Tetrabromobisphenol A: Dielectric characterization and pyrolysis-leaching.

Benefits of dry comminution of biomass pellets in a knife mill (2017)
Journal Article
Williams, O., Lester, E., Kingman, S., Giddings, D., Lormor, S., & Eastwick, C. (in press). Benefits of dry comminution of biomass pellets in a knife mill. Biosystems Engineering, 160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.05.011

The potential benefits of dry comminution in a knife mill for a diverse range of biomass 6 pellets are explored. The impact of dry comminution on energy consumption, particle size and shape, 7 is examined as well as the link between milling and mecha... Read More about Benefits of dry comminution of biomass pellets in a knife mill.

Towards large scale microwave treatment of ores: Part 2 - Metallurgical testing (2017)
Journal Article
Batchelor, A., Buttress, A., Jones, D., Katrib, J., Way, D., Chenje, T., …Kingman, S. (2017). Towards large scale microwave treatment of ores: Part 2 - Metallurgical testing. Minerals Engineering, 111, 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.05.003

© 2017 A pilot scale microwave treatment system capable of treating 10–150t/h of material at 10–200kW was designed, constructed and commissioned in order to understand the engineering challenges of microwave-induced fracture of ores at scale and gene... Read More about Towards large scale microwave treatment of ores: Part 2 - Metallurgical testing.

Microwave fluidized bed for biomass pyrolysis. Part II: Effect of process parameters (2017)
Journal Article
Adam, M., Beneroso, D., Katrib, J., Kingman, S., & Robinson, J. P. (in press). Microwave fluidized bed for biomass pyrolysis. Part II: Effect of process parameters. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1781

The microwave fluidized bed process developed in Part I (DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1780), in which the heating heterogeneity issues are overcome, has been applied to the pyrolysis of biomass. The degree of pyrolysis was established by studying the behavior of... Read More about Microwave fluidized bed for biomass pyrolysis. Part II: Effect of process parameters.

Microwave fluidized bed for biomass pyrolysis. Part I: Process design (2017)
Journal Article
Adam, M., Beneroso, D., Katrib, J., Kingman, S., & Robinson, J. P. (in press). Microwave fluidized bed for biomass pyrolysis. Part I: Process design. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1780

The production of bio-oils from microwave pyrolysis has received increasing attention from bioenergy researchers, but no studies reported to date have proposed reliable solutions to avoid thermal runaway. The motivation of this paper is to develop an... Read More about Microwave fluidized bed for biomass pyrolysis. Part I: Process design.

Towards large scale microwave treatment of ores: Part 1 – Basis of design, construction and commissioning (2017)
Journal Article
Buttress, A., Katrib, J., Batchelor, A., Jones, D., Craig, D., Royal, T., …Kingman, S. (2017). Towards large scale microwave treatment of ores: Part 1 – Basis of design, construction and commissioning. Minerals Engineering, 109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.03.006

Despite over thirty years of work, microwave pre-treatment processes for beneficiation of ores have not progressed much further than laboratory testing. In this paper we present a scaleable pilot-scale system for the microwave treatment of ores capab... Read More about Towards large scale microwave treatment of ores: Part 1 – Basis of design, construction and commissioning.

Metal-organic frameworks in seconds via selective microwave heating (2017)
Journal Article
Laybourn, A., Katrib, J., Ferrari-John, R. S., Morris, C. G., Yang, S., Udoudo, O., …Schröder, M. (2017). Metal-organic frameworks in seconds via selective microwave heating. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5(16), 7333-7338. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA01493G

© The Royal Society of Chemistry. Synthesis of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials via microwave heating often involves shorter reaction times and offers enhanced control of particle size compared to conventional heating. However, there is little... Read More about Metal-organic frameworks in seconds via selective microwave heating.

Overcoming the caking phenomenon in olive mill wastes (2017)
Journal Article
Williams, O., Eastwick, C., Kingman, S., Giddings, D., Lormor, S., & Lester, E. (2017). Overcoming the caking phenomenon in olive mill wastes. Industrial Crops and Products, 101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.02.036

The use of olive mill wastes (orujillo) within coal fired power stations in the UK has led to unexpected difficulties with material caking within the fuel handling plant. This study replicated orujillo caking on a laboratory scale using a planetary b... Read More about Overcoming the caking phenomenon in olive mill wastes.

New insights into microwave pyrolysis of biomass: preparation of carbon-based products from pecan nutshells and their application in wastewater treatment (2017)
Journal Article
Duran Jimenez, G., Monti, T., Titman, J. J., Hernandez-Montoya, V., Kingman, S., & Binner, E. (2017). New insights into microwave pyrolysis of biomass: preparation of carbon-based products from pecan nutshells and their application in wastewater treatment. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.02.013

Microwave pyrolysis of pecan nutshell (Carya illinoinensis) biomass was used to produce carbon-based solid products with potential application in contaminated water treatment. A range of analytical techniques were applied to characterize the inter... Read More about New insights into microwave pyrolysis of biomass: preparation of carbon-based products from pecan nutshells and their application in wastewater treatment.

Statistical description of inhomogeneous samples by scanning microwave microscopy (2017)
Journal Article
Monti, T., Udoudo, O., Sperin, K. A., Dodds, C., Kingman, S., & Jackson, T. J. (2017). Statistical description of inhomogeneous samples by scanning microwave microscopy. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 65(6), https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2016.2642940

A quantitative analysis of the dielectric properties of a multiphase sample using a scanning microwave microscope (SMM) is proposed. The method is demonstrated using inhomogeneous samples composed of a resin containing micrometric inclusions of a kno... Read More about Statistical description of inhomogeneous samples by scanning microwave microscopy.

Electromagnetic heating for industrial kilning of malt: a feasibility study (2016)
Journal Article
Ferrari-John, R., Katrib, J., Zerva, E., Davies, N., Cook, D. J., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (in press). Electromagnetic heating for industrial kilning of malt: a feasibility study. Food and Bioprocess Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-016-1849-0

Industrial malting operations use ~800kWh/t of energy to produce the heat required to kiln malt. Electromagnetic heating technologies are suggested as a way to potentially improve the energy efficiency of the kilning processing. In this work, the pot... Read More about Electromagnetic heating for industrial kilning of malt: a feasibility study.

Influence of mill type on densified biomass comminution (2016)
Journal Article
Williams, O., Newbolt, G., Eastwick, C., Kingman, S. W., Giddings, D., Lormor, S., & Lester, E. (2016). Influence of mill type on densified biomass comminution. Applied Energy, 182, 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.111

The impact of different mill fracture mechanisms were examined for a wide range of densified biomass pellets to provide a comprehensive analysis of biomass milling behaviour for pulverised fuel combustion. The milling behaviour of 7 woody, herbaceous... Read More about Influence of mill type on densified biomass comminution.

Understanding selectivity in radio frequency and microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores (2016)
Journal Article
Ferrari-John, R., Batchelor, A., Katrib, J., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (in press). Understanding selectivity in radio frequency and microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.08.011

Continuous high-throughput microwave treatment followed by infrared thermal imaging (MW-IR) has previously been shown to provide attractive separations for a number of porphyry copper ores, leading to rejection of a large proportion of barren fragmen... Read More about Understanding selectivity in radio frequency and microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores.

Pilot scale microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores: Part 1 – Laboratory investigations (2016)
Journal Article
Batchelor, A., Ferrari-John, R., Katrib, J., Udoudo, O., Jones, D., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (2016). Pilot scale microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores: Part 1 – Laboratory investigations. Minerals Engineering, 98, 303-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.07.007

Microwave treatment followed by infrared thermal imaging (MW–IRT) has been proposed as a potential excitation-discrimination technique to facilitate sorting of porphyry copper ores. A continuous, high throughput (up to 100t/h), belt–based microwave c... Read More about Pilot scale microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores: Part 1 – Laboratory investigations.

Pilot scale microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores: Part 2 – Pilot plant trials (2016)
Journal Article
Batchelor, A., Ferrari-John, R., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (2016). Pilot scale microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores: Part 2 – Pilot plant trials. Minerals Engineering, 98, 328-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.07.009

An experimental pilot plant was constructed, commissioned and operated at a major porphyry copper mine to understand the challenges of microwave infrared thermal (MW-IRT) sorting at scale and to compare batch laboratory performance with pilot-scale c... Read More about Pilot scale microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores: Part 2 – Pilot plant trials.

A tool for predicting heating uniformity in industrial radio frequency processing (2016)
Journal Article
Ferrari-John, R., Katrib, J., Palade, P., Batchelor, A., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (in press). A tool for predicting heating uniformity in industrial radio frequency processing. Food and Bioprocess Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-016-1762-6

Radio frequency energy is utilised for heating in a wide range of applications, particularly in the food industry. A major challenge of RF processing is non-uniform heating in loads of variable and angular geometry, leading to reduced quality and pro... Read More about A tool for predicting heating uniformity in industrial radio frequency processing.

Increasing the grind size for effective liberation and flotation of a porphyry copper ore by microwave treatment (2016)
Journal Article
Batchelor, A., Jones, D., Plint, S., & Kingman, S. (2016). Increasing the grind size for effective liberation and flotation of a porphyry copper ore by microwave treatment. Minerals Engineering, 94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.05.011

In this paper, mineralogy, grain size, dissemination, textural consistency and mineral associations were determined for a commercially exploited porphyry copper ore using a Mineral Liberation Analyser (MLA). The ore was subjected to high power densit... Read More about Increasing the grind size for effective liberation and flotation of a porphyry copper ore by microwave treatment.

High-resolution dielectric characterization of minerals: a step towards understanding the basic interactions between microwaves and rocks (2016)
Journal Article
Monti, T., Tselev, A., Ofonime, U., Ivanov, I. N., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (2016). High-resolution dielectric characterization of minerals: a step towards understanding the basic interactions between microwaves and rocks. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.04.003

Microwave energy was demonstrated to be potentially beneficial for reducing the cost of several steps of the mining process. Significant literature was developed about this topic but few studies are focused on understanding the interaction between mi... Read More about High-resolution dielectric characterization of minerals: a step towards understanding the basic interactions between microwaves and rocks.

Characterisation of potato crisp effective porosity using micro-CT (2016)
Journal Article
Renshaw, R. C., Robinson, J. P., Dimitrakis, G., Bows, J. R., & Kingman, S. W. (2016). Characterisation of potato crisp effective porosity using micro-CT. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(13), 4440-4448. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7655

Background The effective porosity is an important quantitative parameter for food products that has a significant effect on taste and quality. It is challenging to quantify the apparent porosity of fried potato crisps as they have a thin irregular... Read More about Characterisation of potato crisp effective porosity using micro-CT.

Understanding the electromagnetic interaction of metal organic framework reactants in aqueous solution at microwave frequencies (2016)
Journal Article
Laybourn, A., Katrib, J., Palade, P. A., Easun, T. L., Champness, N. R., Schröder, M., & Kingman, S. W. (2016). Understanding the electromagnetic interaction of metal organic framework reactants in aqueous solution at microwave frequencies. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18(7), https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP05426E

Preparation of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) via microwave heating is becoming increasingly popular due to reduced reaction times and enhanced control of MOF particle size. However, there is little understanding about the detailed interaction of th... Read More about Understanding the electromagnetic interaction of metal organic framework reactants in aqueous solution at microwave frequencies.

Understanding microwave induced sorting of porphyry copper ores (2015)
Journal Article
John, R., Batchelor, A., Ivanov, D., Udoudo, O., Jones, D., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (2015). Understanding microwave induced sorting of porphyry copper ores. Minerals Engineering, 84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.10.006

Global demand for minerals and metals is increasing. It has been established that the impact of mining and mineral processing operations must be reduced to sustainably meet the demands of a low grade future. Successful incorporation of ore sorting in... Read More about Understanding microwave induced sorting of porphyry copper ores.

Molecular differentiated initiator reactivity in the synthesis of poly(caprolactone)-based hydrophobic homopolymer and amphiphilic core corona star polymers (2015)
Journal Article
Deng, E., Nguyen, N. T., Hild, F., Hamilton, I. E., Dimitrakis, G., Kingman, S. W., …Irvine, D. J. (2015). Molecular differentiated initiator reactivity in the synthesis of poly(caprolactone)-based hydrophobic homopolymer and amphiphilic core corona star polymers. Molecules, 20(11), 20131-20145. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201119681

Macromolecules that possess three-dimensional, branched molecular structures are of great interest because they exhibit significantly differentiated application performance compared to conventional linear (straight chain) polymers. This paper reports... Read More about Molecular differentiated initiator reactivity in the synthesis of poly(caprolactone)-based hydrophobic homopolymer and amphiphilic core corona star polymers.

Deriving the ideal ore texture for microwave treatment of metalliferous ores (2015)
Journal Article
Batchelor, A., Jones, D., Plint, S., & Kingman, S. (2015). Deriving the ideal ore texture for microwave treatment of metalliferous ores. Minerals Engineering, 84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.10.007

High power density microwave treatments on metalliferous ores have historically been shown to reduce ore competency prior to beneficiation at economically feasible energy inputs. However, the relationship between mineralogical textural features and t... Read More about Deriving the ideal ore texture for microwave treatment of metalliferous ores.

Understanding the performance of a pilot vermiculite exfoliation system through process mineralogy (2015)
Journal Article
Udoudo, O., Folorunso, O., Dodds, C., Kingman, S., & Ure, A. (2015). Understanding the performance of a pilot vermiculite exfoliation system through process mineralogy. Minerals Engineering, 82, 84-91. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2015.03.023

This paper reports on the application of process mineralogy to understand the experimental performance of a microwave based system for the exfoliation of vermiculite type minerals. When montmorillonite type clay structures are exposed to high intensi... Read More about Understanding the performance of a pilot vermiculite exfoliation system through process mineralogy.

Screening of metal oxides for Hg0 capture (2015)
Journal Article
Zhao, H., Yang, G., Pang, C. H., Fan, H., Hall, P., Kingman, S., & Wu, T. (in press). Screening of metal oxides for Hg0 capture. Energy Procedia, 75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.202

Fossil fuel related industriesare the major anthropogenic sources of Hg0 emission. Due to awareness of the detrimental impact, there is an increasing interest in discovering potential materials for Hg0 removal. In this paper, the first-row transition... Read More about Screening of metal oxides for Hg0 capture.

Improving the design of industrial microwave processing systems through prediction of the dielectric properties of complex multi-layered materials (2015)
Journal Article
Katrib, J., Folorunso, O., Dodds, C., Dimitrakis, G., & Kingman, S. W. (2015). Improving the design of industrial microwave processing systems through prediction of the dielectric properties of complex multi-layered materials. Journal of Materials Science, 50(23), 7591-7599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9319-z

Rigorous design of industrial microwave processing systems requires in-depth knowledge of the dielectric properties of the materials to be processed. These values are not easy to measure, particularly when a material is multi-layered containing multi... Read More about Improving the design of industrial microwave processing systems through prediction of the dielectric properties of complex multi-layered materials.

Development and evaluation of a continuous microwave processing system for hydrocarbon removal from solids (2015)
Journal Article
Buttress, A., Binner, E., Yi, C., Palade, P., Robinson, J., & Kingman, S. (2016). Development and evaluation of a continuous microwave processing system for hydrocarbon removal from solids. Chemical Engineering Journal, 283, 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.07.030

A continuous conveyor-belt processing concept using microwave heating was developed and evaluated. Four hydrocarbon-contaminated soils were used as model feedstocks, and the degree of organic removal was assessed against the power and energy input t... Read More about Development and evaluation of a continuous microwave processing system for hydrocarbon removal from solids.

Investigation into the applicability of Bond Work Index (BWI) and Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) tests for several biomasses compared to Colombian La Loma coal (2015)
Journal Article
Williams, O., Eastwick, C., Kingman, S., Giddings, D., Lormor, S., & Lester, E. (2015). Investigation into the applicability of Bond Work Index (BWI) and Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) tests for several biomasses compared to Colombian La Loma coal. Fuel, 158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.027

With increasing quantities of biomass being combusted in coal fired power stations, there is an urgent need to be able to predict the grindability of biomass in existing coal mills, but currently no standard biomass grindability test exists. In this... Read More about Investigation into the applicability of Bond Work Index (BWI) and Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) tests for several biomasses compared to Colombian La Loma coal.

Understanding the scabbling of concrete using microwave energy (2015)
Journal Article
Buttress, A., Jones, D., Dodds, C., Dimitrakis, G., Dawson, A., & Kingman, S. (in press). Understanding the scabbling of concrete using microwave energy. Cement and Concrete Research, 75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.04.009

This paper reports on the use of microwave energy to scabble concrete. While the technique is not new, little information exists relating to the controllability of the process, the effect of different types of concrete and the performance and durabil... Read More about Understanding the scabbling of concrete using microwave energy.

Microvawe pyrolysis of biomass: control of process parameters for high pyrolysis oil yields and enhanced oil quality (2015)
Journal Article
Robinson, J., Dodds, C., Stavrinides, A., Kingman, S., Katrib, J., Wu, Z., …Overend, R. (2015). Microvawe pyrolysis of biomass: control of process parameters for high pyrolysis oil yields and enhanced oil quality. Energy and Fuels, 29(3), 1701-1709. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef502403x

The oil yield and quality of pyrolysis oil from microwave heating of biomass was established by studying the behaviour of Larch in microwave processing. This is the first study in biomass pyrolysis to use a microwave processing technique and methodol... Read More about Microvawe pyrolysis of biomass: control of process parameters for high pyrolysis oil yields and enhanced oil quality.

Microwave processing of cement and concrete materials - towards an industrial reality? (2015)
Journal Article
Buttress, A., Jones, D., & Kingman, S. (2015). Microwave processing of cement and concrete materials - towards an industrial reality?. Cement and Concrete Research, 68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.11.002

Each year a substantial body of literature is published on the use of microwaves to process cement and concrete materials. Yet to date, very few if any have lead the realisation of a commercial scale industrial system and is the context under which t... Read More about Microwave processing of cement and concrete materials - towards an industrial reality?.

Microwave processing of oil sands and contribution of clay minerals (2014)
Journal Article
Robinson, J. P., Binner, E., Saeid, A., Al-Harahsheh, M., & Kingman, S. (2014). Microwave processing of oil sands and contribution of clay minerals. Fuel, 135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.06.057

This study establishes the feasibility of microwave heating for extracting oil from Oil Sands in ex-situ processes. Previous studies in this area have shown some potential, but have not characterised the dielectric properties of the Oil Sands used, n... Read More about Microwave processing of oil sands and contribution of clay minerals.

Factors affecting the microwave coking of coals and the implications on microwave cavity design (2014)
Journal Article
Binner, E., Medeira-Munoyerro, M., Huddle, T., Kingman, S., Dodds, C., Dimitrakis, G., …Lester, E. (2014). Factors affecting the microwave coking of coals and the implications on microwave cavity design. Fuel Processing Technology, 125, 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.03.006

The work carried out in this paper assessed how processing conditions and feedstock affect the quality of the coke produced during microwave coke making. The aim was to gather information that would support the development of an optimised microwave c... Read More about Factors affecting the microwave coking of coals and the implications on microwave cavity design.

Enhanced ‘in situ’ catalysis via microwave selective heating: catalytic chain transfer polymerisation (2014)
Journal Article
Adlington, K., McSweeney, R., Dimitrakis, G., Kingman, S. W., Robinson, J. P., & Irvine, D. J. (2014). Enhanced ‘in situ’ catalysis via microwave selective heating: catalytic chain transfer polymerisation. RSC Advances, 4(31), 16172-16180. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra00907j

An extremely facile, single stage, ‘in-situ’, Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerisation (CCTP) process has been identified, where the optimal polymerisation process was shown to depend upon a combination of catalyst characteristics (i.e. solubility, se... Read More about Enhanced ‘in situ’ catalysis via microwave selective heating: catalytic chain transfer polymerisation.

Investigation into the mechanisms by which microwave heating enhances separation of water-in-oil emulsions (2014)
Journal Article
Binner, E., Robinson, J. P., Silvester, S., Kingman, S., & Lester, E. (2014). Investigation into the mechanisms by which microwave heating enhances separation of water-in-oil emulsions. Fuel, 116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.042

The separation of water-in-oil emulsions made with Azeri crude was investigated using natural gravity settling and microwave heating techniques. Separation times could be reduced by an order of magnitude compared with untreated emulsions. Increasing... Read More about Investigation into the mechanisms by which microwave heating enhances separation of water-in-oil emulsions.

A review of microwave coal processing (2014)
Journal Article
Binner, E., Lester, E., Kingman, S., Dodds, C., Wu, T., Robinson, J. P., …Mathews, J. P. (2014). A review of microwave coal processing. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 48(1),

This paper reviews the application of microwave energy in coal processing and utilisation. It covers a wide variety of processes including liberation of minerals, coal drying, pre-treatment to improve grindability, liquefaction enhancements and coke... Read More about A review of microwave coal processing.

Separation of oil/water emulsions in continuous flow using microwave heating (2013)
Journal Article
Binner, E., Robinson, J. P., Kingman, S., Lester, E., Azzopardi, B. J., Dimitrakis, G., & Briggs, J. (2013). Separation of oil/water emulsions in continuous flow using microwave heating. Energy and Fuels, 27(6), https://doi.org/10.1021/ef400634n

This work studies a continuous flow microwave system to enhance gravity settling of water-in-oil emulsions. Settling times were found to be dependent upon the applied power, flowrate and energy input. Power and energy input are linked to liquid flowr... Read More about Separation of oil/water emulsions in continuous flow using microwave heating.