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All Outputs (22)

Editors Introduction: Does Parole have a Future? (2025)
Book Chapter
Annison, H., Carr, N., & Guiney, T. (2025). Editors Introduction: Does Parole have a Future?. In H. Annison, N. Carr, & T. Guiney (Eds.), . Hart Publishing

This introductory chapter begins by providing a historical and conceptual exploration of modern systems of parole. It then examines four critiques of parole, which we term the liberal critique, the populist objection, the abolitionist critique and wh... Read More about Editors Introduction: Does Parole have a Future?.

Parole Futures: Rationalities, Institutions and Practices (2025)
Book
Annison, H., Carr, N., & Guiney, T. (Eds.). (2025). Parole Futures: Rationalities, Institutions and Practices. Hart Publishing

This book brings together a world-leading panel of 27 experts who draw upon insights from law, sociology, criminology and political science to explore these pressing questions. At a time when many parole systems are experiencing considerable strain,... Read More about Parole Futures: Rationalities, Institutions and Practices.

A Child's Journey Through Police Custody And Their Legal Rights (2023)
Book Chapter
Kemp, V., & Carr, N. (2023). A Child's Journey Through Police Custody And Their Legal Rights. In E. Johnston (Ed.), Covid-19 and Criminal Justice: Impact and Legacy in England and Wales (62-89). Taylor & Francis (Routledge). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003281481-5

In this chapter we explore a child’s journey through police custody and while the intention was to explore the impact of Covid-19 on children’s experiences, we found little differences in practice at the time the fieldwork was conducted. However, thi... Read More about A Child's Journey Through Police Custody And Their Legal Rights.

Examining the impact of PACE on the detention and questioning of child suspects: Executive summary, May 2023 (2023)
Report
KEMP, V., Carr, N., Kent, H., & Farrall, S. (2023). Examining the impact of PACE on the detention and questioning of child suspects: Executive summary, May 2023. London: University of Nottingham

This is the Executive Summary of the final report arising out of a study funded by the Nuffield Foundation which involved examining the efficacy of legal safeguards for children held in police custody. A mixed methods approach was adopted drawing on... Read More about Examining the impact of PACE on the detention and questioning of child suspects: Executive summary, May 2023.

Examining the impact of PACE on the detention and questioning of child suspects (2023)
Report
Kemp, V., Carr, N., Kent, H., & Farrall, S. (2023). Examining the impact of PACE on the detention and questioning of child suspects. London: University of Nottingham

The Nuffield Foundation funded this three year project which involved examining the efficacy of legal safeguards for children held in police custody. A mixed methods approach was adopted drawing on over 50,000 electronic custody records drawn from e... Read More about Examining the impact of PACE on the detention and questioning of child suspects.

Tracing the Review: Developments in Youth Justice in Northern Ireland 2011-2021 (2021)
Report
CARR, N., & MCALISTER, S. (2021). Tracing the Review: Developments in Youth Justice in Northern Ireland 2011-2021. Belfast: Include Youth, VOYPIC, NIACRO, Children's Law Centre

This report traces the development of youth justice policy in Northern Ireland since the publication of the Youth Justice Review (YJR) (2011). The report has been jointly commissioned by four organisations who work with and advocate on behalf of chil... Read More about Tracing the Review: Developments in Youth Justice in Northern Ireland 2011-2021.

Gender, violence and cultures of silence: young women and paramilitary violence (2021)
Journal Article
McAlister, S., Neill, G., Carr, N., & Dwyer, C. (2021). Gender, violence and cultures of silence: young women and paramilitary violence. Journal of Youth Studies, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1942807

Despite a growth in analysis of women and conflict, this has tended to overlook the specific experiences of young women. Likewise, in research on youth, conflict and peace, the term ‘youth’ is often short-hand for young men. Young women’s experiences... Read More about Gender, violence and cultures of silence: young women and paramilitary violence.

Sexual deviance in prison: Queering identity and intimacy in prison research (2020)
Journal Article
Carr, N., Serisier, T., & McAlister, S. (2020). Sexual deviance in prison: Queering identity and intimacy in prison research. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 20(5), 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820937401

Recent years have seen increased attention in both research and policy towards Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) prisoners as a group with distinct needs. This has been driven by wider political recognition of LGBT rights and research su... Read More about Sexual deviance in prison: Queering identity and intimacy in prison research.

A legitimate business? Representations of privatised probation in England and Wales (2020)
Journal Article
Carr, N., & Robinson, G. (2021). A legitimate business? Representations of privatised probation in England and Wales. Crime, Media, Culture, 17(2), 235-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659020903771

The Transforming Rehabilitation reforms implemented in England & Wales in 2014 witnessed the transfer of responsibility for a large proportion of the work of the public sector probation service to 21 newly created Community Rehabilitation Companies (... Read More about A legitimate business? Representations of privatised probation in England and Wales.

The albatross of juvenile criminal records (2019)
Book Chapter
Carr, N. (2019). The albatross of juvenile criminal records. In S. Meijer, H. Annison, & A. O'Loughlin (Eds.), Fundamental rights and legal consequences of criminal conviction. Hart Publishing

Pre-sentence reports and individualised justice: consistency, temporality and contingency (2017)
Journal Article
Carr, N., & Maguire, N. (2017). Pre-sentence reports and individualised justice: consistency, temporality and contingency. Irish Probation Journal, 14(1),

This paper reports on selected findings from a study on pre-sentence reports (PSRs) in the Republic of Ireland, entitled Individualising Justice: Pre-Sentence Reports in the Republic of Ireland (Maguire and Carr, 2017). The research was commissioned... Read More about Pre-sentence reports and individualised justice: consistency, temporality and contingency.

Opening a window on probation cultures: a photographic imagination (2017)
Book Chapter
Worrall, A., Carr, N., & Robinson, G. (2017). Opening a window on probation cultures: a photographic imagination. In M. Brown, & E. Carrabine (Eds.), Routledge handbook of visual criminology. Routledge

Probation workers are among the least visible in the criminal justice system. Drawing on a pilot photographic project involving probation workers from several European countries, this chapter considers selected photographs and photo-elicitation data... Read More about Opening a window on probation cultures: a photographic imagination.

The Criminal justice system in Northern Ireland (2017)
Book Chapter
Carr, N. (2017). The Criminal justice system in Northern Ireland. In S. Case, P. Johnson, D. Manlow, R. Smith, & K. Williams (Eds.), Criminology. Oxford University Press

As with any country, crime and justice and the contours of criminal justice have to be situated within the particular historical, social, and political context. Nowhere is this truer than in Northern Ireland, where the criminal justice system that ha... Read More about The Criminal justice system in Northern Ireland.

Experiencing youth justice and penality (2016)
Book Chapter
McAlister, S., & Carr, N. (2016). Experiencing youth justice and penality. In A. Furlong (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood. Routledge

The double-bind: looked after children, care leavers, and criminal justice (2016)
Book Chapter
Carr, N., & McAlister, S. (2016). The double-bind: looked after children, care leavers, and criminal justice. In P. Mendes, & P. Snow (Eds.), Young people transitioning from care: international research policy and practice. Palgrave Macmillan

Research attention has focused on the reasons that lead young people from care to come into contact with the justice system at higher rates than young people within the general population. Findings from this literature can be distilled into three mai... Read More about The double-bind: looked after children, care leavers, and criminal justice.

Punishment, youth justice and cultural contingency: towards a balanced approach (2016)
Journal Article
Hamilton, C., Fitzgibbon, W., & Carr, N. (2016). Punishment, youth justice and cultural contingency: towards a balanced approach. Youth Justice, 16(3), 226-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225415619500

Reflecting developments in the broader penological realm, accounts have been advanced over the last number of decades about a ‘punitive turn’ in the youth justice systems of Western democracies. Against the background of this work, this project seeks... Read More about Punishment, youth justice and cultural contingency: towards a balanced approach.

Picturing probation: exploring the utility of visual methods in comparative research (2015)
Journal Article
Carr, N., Bauwens, A., Bosker, J., Donker, A., Robinson, G., Sucic, I., & Worrall, A. (2015). Picturing probation: exploring the utility of visual methods in comparative research. European Journal of Probation, 7(3), https://doi.org/10.1177/2066220315617269

A previous review of research on the practice of offender supervision identified the predominant use of interview-based methodologies and limited use of other research approaches (Robinson and Svensson, 2013). It also found that most research has t... Read More about Picturing probation: exploring the utility of visual methods in comparative research.