All Outputs (15)

Highly efficient and rapid dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride via microwave pyrolysis (2025)
Journal Article
Lee, C. S., Adam, M., Robinson, J. P., & Binner, E. R. (2025). Highly efficient and rapid dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride via microwave pyrolysis. Philosophical Transactions A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 383(2297), Article 20240064. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2024.0064

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste recycling is challenging due to its high chlorine content, which generates hazardous chlorinated pollutants if treated improperly. A safe and promising PVC dechlorination method is urgently needed to address this issue.... Read More about Highly efficient and rapid dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride via microwave pyrolysis.

Predictive Modelling of H2S Removal from Biogas Generated from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Biological Scrubber in an Industrial Biogas Plant: Integration of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Process Simulation (2025)
Journal Article
Clifford, J. L., Chan, Y. J., Yusof, M. A. B. M., Tiong, T. J., Lim, S. S., Lee, C. S., & Tong, W.-Y. (2025). Predictive Modelling of H2S Removal from Biogas Generated from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Biological Scrubber in an Industrial Biogas Plant: Integration of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Process Simulation. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 63(2), https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.63.02.25.8792

Research background. Biogas production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is inherently unstable due to variations in feedstock composition and operating conditions. These fluctuations can result in inconsistent biogas quality, variable methane conte... Read More about Predictive Modelling of H2S Removal from Biogas Generated from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Biological Scrubber in an Industrial Biogas Plant: Integration of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Process Simulation.

Comparisons of alkali, organosolv and deep eutectic solvent pre-treatments on the physiochemical changes and lignin recovery of oak and pine wood (2025)
Journal Article
Mao, Y., Tarhanli, I., Owen, G., Lee, C. S., Senses, E., & Binner, E. (2025). Comparisons of alkali, organosolv and deep eutectic solvent pre-treatments on the physiochemical changes and lignin recovery of oak and pine wood. Industrial Crops and Products, 226, Article 120614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.120614

Pre-treatment is a crucial and the most energy-intensive step for successful valorisation of lignocellulosic biomass in a biorefinery. This study provides systematic comparisons of the biomass fractionation and physiochemical changes of oak and pine... Read More about Comparisons of alkali, organosolv and deep eutectic solvent pre-treatments on the physiochemical changes and lignin recovery of oak and pine wood.

Understanding Microwave Interactions with Polymers to Enable Advanced Plastic Chemical Recycling (2024)
Journal Article
Adam, M., Hjalmarsson, N., Lee, C. S., Irvine, D. J., Robinson, J., & Binner, E. (2024). Understanding Microwave Interactions with Polymers to Enable Advanced Plastic Chemical Recycling. Polymer Testing, 137, Article 108483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108483

The widespread adoption of plastics has led to substantial production and waste generation, raising environmental concerns. Chemical recycling offers a promising solution to enhance recycling rates, with microwave heating emerging as an attractive te... Read More about Understanding Microwave Interactions with Polymers to Enable Advanced Plastic Chemical Recycling.

A surrogate model for the economic evaluation of renewable hydrogen production from biomass feedstocks via supercritical water gasification (2023)
Journal Article
Rodgers, S., Bowler, A., Wells, L., Siah Lee, C., Hayes, M., Poulston, S., Lester, E., Meng, F., McKechnie, J., & Conradie, A. (2024). A surrogate model for the economic evaluation of renewable hydrogen production from biomass feedstocks via supercritical water gasification. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 49(A), 277-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.016

Supercritical water gasification is a promising technology for renewable hydrogen production from high moisture content biomass. This work produces a machine learning surrogate model to predict the Levelised Cost of Hydrogen over a range of biomass c... Read More about A surrogate model for the economic evaluation of renewable hydrogen production from biomass feedstocks via supercritical water gasification.

Sustainability of bioenergy – Mapping the risks & benefits to inform future bioenergy systems (2023)
Journal Article
Welfle, A. J., Almena, A., Arshad, M. N., Banks, S. W., Butnar, I., Chong, K. J., Cooper, S. J., Daly, H., Garcia Freites, S., Güleç, F., Hardacre, C., Holland, R., Lan, L., Lee, C. S., Robertson, P., Rowe, R., Shepherd, A., Skillen, N., Tedesco, S., Thornley, P., …Röder, M. (2023). Sustainability of bioenergy – Mapping the risks & benefits to inform future bioenergy systems. Biomass and Bioenergy, 177, Article 106919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2023.106919

Bioenergy is widely included in energy strategies for its GHG mitigation potential. Bioenergy technologies will likely have to be deployed at scale to meet decarbonisation targets, and consequently biomass will have to be increasingly grown/mobilised... Read More about Sustainability of bioenergy – Mapping the risks & benefits to inform future bioenergy systems.

Sustainability of Bioenergy – Mapping the Risks & Benefits to Inform Future Bioenergy Systems (2023)
Preprint / Working Paper
James Welfle, A., Almena, A., Naveed Arshad, M., William Banks, S., Butnar, I., Jane Chong, K., Cooper, S. J., Daly, H., Garcia Freites, S., Güleç, F., Hardacre, C., Holland, R., Lan, L., Siah Lee, C., Robertson, P., Rowe, R., Shepherd, A., Skillen, N., Tedesco, S., Thornley, P., …Roeder, M. Sustainability of Bioenergy – Mapping the Risks & Benefits to Inform Future Bioenergy Systems

Bioenergy is widely included in energy strategies for its GHG mitigation potential. Bioenergy technologies will likely have to be deployed at scale to meet decarbonisation targets, and consequently biomass will have to be increasingly grown/mobilised... Read More about Sustainability of Bioenergy – Mapping the Risks & Benefits to Inform Future Bioenergy Systems.

The integration of low temperature supercritical water gasification with continuous in situ nano-catalyst synthesis for hydrogen generation from biomass wastewater (2022)
Journal Article
Siah Lee, C., Conradie, A. V., & Lester, E. (2023). The integration of low temperature supercritical water gasification with continuous in situ nano-catalyst synthesis for hydrogen generation from biomass wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140845

A continuous hydrothermal process is demonstrated, for the first time, that can operate at low gasification temperature (430 °C) and residence time (20 s) by combining supercritical water gasification (SCWG) and partial oxidation with in situ synthes... Read More about The integration of low temperature supercritical water gasification with continuous in situ nano-catalyst synthesis for hydrogen generation from biomass wastewater.

Review of supercritical water gasification with lignocellulosic real biomass as the feedstocks: Process parameters, biomass composition, catalyst development, reactor design and its challenges (2021)
Journal Article
Lee, C. S., Conradie, A. V., & Lester, E. (2021). Review of supercritical water gasification with lignocellulosic real biomass as the feedstocks: Process parameters, biomass composition, catalyst development, reactor design and its challenges. Chemical Engineering Journal, 415, Article 128837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128837

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a combined thermal decomposition and hydrolysis process for converting wet biomass feedstock with high water content potentially (80 wt%) to syngas. The process bypasses the need for an energy intensive pre-... Read More about Review of supercritical water gasification with lignocellulosic real biomass as the feedstocks: Process parameters, biomass composition, catalyst development, reactor design and its challenges.

Investigating the influence of pectin content and structure on its functionality in bio-flocculant extracted from okra (2020)
Journal Article
Millett, R., Mao, Y., Millet, R., Lee, C. S., Yakubov, G., Harding, S. E., & Binner, E. (2020). Investigating the influence of pectin content and structure on its functionality in bio-flocculant extracted from okra. Carbohydrate Polymers, 241, Article 116414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116414

© 2020 The Author(s) Okra extract is known to have potential application as a bio-flocculant for wastewater treatment. However, no research to date has given insight into the components responsible for the flocculating ability of okra extract or its... Read More about Investigating the influence of pectin content and structure on its functionality in bio-flocculant extracted from okra.

Techno-economic assessment of scale-up of bio-flocculant extraction and production by using okra as biomass feedstock (2018)
Journal Article
Lee, C. S., Chong, M. F., Binner, E., Gomes, R. L., & Robinson, J. P. (2018). Techno-economic assessment of scale-up of bio-flocculant extraction and production by using okra as biomass feedstock. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.01.050

This paper reports a techno-economic assessment for industrial scale bio-flocculant production with okra as biomass feedstock. The sludge dewatering ability of the bio-flocculant was evaluated prior to economic analysis. Several optimisation strategi... Read More about Techno-economic assessment of scale-up of bio-flocculant extraction and production by using okra as biomass feedstock.

Enhancing natural product extraction and mass transfer using selective microwave heating (2016)
Journal Article
Lee, C. S., Binner, E., Winkworth-Smith, C., John, R., Gomes, R., & Robinson, J. (2016). Enhancing natural product extraction and mass transfer using selective microwave heating. Chemical Engineering Science, 149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.04.031

This study uses a combination of empirical observations and an analysis of mass transfer behaviour to yield new insights into the mechanism of microwave assisted extraction. Enhancements in extraction rate and yield were observed experimentally compa... Read More about Enhancing natural product extraction and mass transfer using selective microwave heating.

Optimisation of extraction and sludge dewatering efficiencies of bio-flocculants extracted from Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) (2015)
Journal Article
Lee, S. L., Chong, M. F., Robinson, J. P., & Binner, E. (2015). Optimisation of extraction and sludge dewatering efficiencies of bio-flocculants extracted from Abelmoschus esculentus (okra). Journal of Environmental Management, 157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.028

The production of natural biopolymers as flocculants for water treatment is highly desirable due to their inherent low toxicity and low environmental footprint. In this study, bio-flocculants were extracted from Hibiscus/Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)... Read More about Optimisation of extraction and sludge dewatering efficiencies of bio-flocculants extracted from Abelmoschus esculentus (okra).

A review on development and application of plant-based bioflocculants and grafted bioflocculants (2014)
Journal Article
Lee, C. S., Chong, M. F., Robinson, J. P., & Binner, E. (2014). A review on development and application of plant-based bioflocculants and grafted bioflocculants. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(48), 18357-18369. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie5034045

Flocculation is extensively employed for clarification through sedimentation. Application of eco-friendly plant-based bioflocculants in wastewater treatment has attracted significant attention lately with high removal capability in terms of solids, t... Read More about A review on development and application of plant-based bioflocculants and grafted bioflocculants.

A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment (2014)
Journal Article
Lee, C. S., Robinson, J., & Chong, M. F. (2014). A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 92(6), 489-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.04.010

© 2014 The Institution of Chemical Engineers Flocculation is an essential phenomenon in industrial wastewater treatment. Inorganic coagulants (salts of multivalent metals) are being commonly used due to its low cost and ease of use. However, their ap... Read More about A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment.