Have beliefs in conspiracy theories increased over time?

Uscinski, Joseph; Enders, Adam; Klofstad, Casey; Seelig, Michelle; Drochon, Hugo; Premaratne, Kamal; Murthi, Manohar

Abstract

The public is convinced that beliefs in conspiracy theories are increasing, and many scholars, journalists, and policymakers agree. Given the associations between conspiracy theories and many non-normative tendencies, lawmakers have called for policies to address these increases. However, little evidence has been provided to demonstrate that beliefs in conspiracy theories have, in fact, increased over time. We address this evidentiary gap. Study 1 investigates change in the proportion of Americans believing 46 conspiracy theories; our observations in some instances span half a century. Study 2 examines change in the proportion of individuals across six European countries believing six conspiracy theories. Study 3 traces beliefs about which groups are conspiring against "us,"while Study 4 tracks generalized conspiracy thinking in the U.S. from 2012 to 2021. In no instance do we observe systematic evidence for an increase in conspiracism, however operationalized. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of our findings.

Citation

Uscinski, J., Enders, A., Klofstad, C., Seelig, M., Drochon, H., Premaratne, K., & Murthi, M. (2022). Have beliefs in conspiracy theories increased over time?. PLoS ONE, 17(7), Article e0270429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270429

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jun 8, 2022
• Online Publication Date: Jul 20, 2022
• Publication Date: Jul 20, 2022
• Deposit Date: Aug 8, 2022
• Publicly Available Date: Aug 8, 2022
• Journal: PLOS ONE
• Electronic ISSN: 1932-6203
• Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 17
• Issue: 7
• Article Number: e0270429
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270429
• Keywords: Multidisciplinary
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/9897537
• Publisher URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270429