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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) nanomachines—mechanisms for fluoroquinolone and glycopeptide recognition, efflux and/or deactivation

Phillips-Jones, Mary K.; Harding, Stephen E.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) nanomachines—mechanisms for fluoroquinolone and glycopeptide recognition, efflux and/or deactivation Thumbnail


Authors

Mary K. Phillips-Jones

Profile image of STEPHEN HARDING

STEPHEN HARDING STEVE.HARDING@NOTTINGHAM.AC.UK
Professor of Applied Biochemistry



Abstract

In this review, we discuss mechanisms of resistance identified in bacterial agents Staphylococcus aureus and the enterococci towards two priority classes of antibiotics—the fluoroquinolones and the glycopeptides. Members of both classes interact with a number of components in the cells of these bacteria, so the cellular targets are also considered. Fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms include efflux pumps (MepA, NorA, NorB, NorC, MdeA, LmrS or SdrM in S. aureus and EfmA or EfrAB in the enterococci) for removal of fluoroquinolone from the intracellular environment of bacterial cells and/or protection of the gyrase and topoisomerase IV target sites in Enterococcus faecalis by Qnr-like proteins. Expression of efflux systems is regulated by GntR-like (S. aureus NorG), MarR-like (MgrA, MepR) regulators or a two-component signal transduction system (TCS) (S. aureus ArlSR). Resistance to the glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin occurs via efflux regulated by the TcaR regulator in S. aureus. Resistance to vancomycin occurs through modification of the D-Ala-D-Ala target in the cell wall peptidoglycan and removal of high affinity precursors, or by target protection via cell wall thickening. Of the six Van resistance types (VanA-E, VanG), the VanA resistance type is considered in this review, including its regulation by the VanSR TCS. We describe the recent application of biophysical approaches such as the hydrodynamic technique of analytical ultracentrifugation and circular dichroism spectroscopy to identify the possible molecular effector of the VanS receptor that activates expression of the Van resistance genes; both approaches demonstrated that vancomycin interacts with VanS, suggesting that vancomycin itself (or vancomycin with an accessory factor) may be an effector of vancomycin resistance. With 16 and 19 proteins or protein complexes involved in fluoroquinolone and glycopeptide resistances, respectively, and the complexities of bacterial sensing mechanisms that trigger and regulate a wide variety of possible resistance mechanisms, we propose that these antimicrobial resistance mechanisms might be considered complex ‘nanomachines’ that drive survival of bacterial cells in antibiotic environments.

Citation

Phillips-Jones, M. K., & Harding, S. E. (2018). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) nanomachines—mechanisms for fluoroquinolone and glycopeptide recognition, efflux and/or deactivation. Biophysical Reviews, 10(2), 347-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-018-0404-9

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Feb 4, 2018
Online Publication Date Mar 10, 2018
Publication Date 2018-04
Deposit Date Feb 15, 2018
Publicly Available Date Mar 10, 2018
Journal Biophysical Reviews
Print ISSN 1867-2450
Electronic ISSN 1867-2469
Publisher Springer Verlag
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 10
Issue 2
Pages 347-362
DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-018-0404-9
Keywords Antimicrobial Resistance; Glycopeptide; Fluoroquinolone; Hydrodynamics; Analytical Ultracentrifugation; Circular dichroism spectroscopy
Public URL https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/962239
Publisher URL https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12551-018-0404-9
Contract Date Feb 15, 2018

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