Relative age within the school year and diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population-based study

Sayal, Kapil; Chudal, Roshan; Hinkka-Yli-Salom�ki, Susanna; Joelsson, Petteri; Sourander, Andre

Abstract

Background

There are mixed findings on the relationship between ADHD and younger relative age in class. This study examines whether relative age is associated with ADHD diagnosis in a country where treatment prevalence rates are low and whether any such association has changed over time or relates to comorbid disorders.

Methods

Using nationwide population-based registers, all Finnish children born between 1991 and 2004 who were diagnosed with ADHD from age 7 years onwards (school starting age), between 1998 and 2011, were identified (n=6136). Incidence ratios (IRs) were used to examine the inter-relationships between relative age, actual age at ADHD diagnosis, and year of diagnosis (1998-2003 vs. 2004-2011).

Findings

The cumulative incidence of ADHD diagnosis was greatest for younger children within the schoolyear - IRs of 1.26 (boys) and 1.31 (girls). The association between relative age and ADHD diagnosis reflected children diagnosed before the age of 10 years. The strength of this association increased during recent years – for 2004-2011, IRs were 1.37 (95% CI 1.24,1.53) for May-August and 1.64 (95% CI 1.48,1.81) for September-December compared with January-April births (oldest). The relative age effect was not explained by comorbid disorders.

Interpretation

In a health service system with low prescribing rates for ADHD, younger relative age is associated with an increased likelihood of receiving a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. This influence has increased in recent years. Teachers, parents and clinicians should take relative age into account when considering the possibility of ADHD in a child or encountering a child with a pre-existing diagnosis.

Citation

Sayal, K., Chudal, R., Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki, S., Joelsson, P., & Sourander, A. (in press). Relative age within the school year and diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry, 4(11), https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366%2817%2930394-2

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Aug 8, 2017
• Online Publication Date: Oct 9, 2017
• Deposit Date: Sep 26, 2017
• Publicly Available Date: Oct 9, 2017
• Journal: Lancet Psychiatry
• Print ISSN: 2215-0366
• Electronic ISSN: 2215-0374
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 4
• Issue: 11
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366%2817%2930394-2
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/887026
• Publisher URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215036617303942?via%3Dihub
• Contract Date: Sep 26, 2017