Investigating the potential of radar interferometry for monitoring rural artisanal cobalt mines in the democratic republic of the congo

Brown, Chloe; Daniels, Anna; Boyd, Doreen S.; Sowter, Andrew; Foody, Giles; Kara, Siddharth

Abstract

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Greater awareness of the serious human rights abuses associated with the extraction and trade of cobalt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has applied increasing pressure for businesses to move towards more responsible and sustainable mineral sourcing. Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities in rural and remote locations may provide heightened opportunities to conceal the alleged human rights violations associated with mining, such as: hazardous working conditions, health impacts, child labour, child trafficking, and debt bondage. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of the Intermittent Small Baseline Subset (ISBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) method, teamed with high temporal frequency Sentinel-1 imagery, for monitoring ASM activity in rural locations of the “Copperbelt”, the DRC. The results show that the ISBAS descriptive variables (mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum) were significantly different (p-value = ≤ 0.05) between mining and non-mining areas. Additionally, a significant difference was found for the ISBAS descriptive variables mean, standard deviation, and minimum between the different mine types (industrial, surface, and tunnels). As expected, a high level of subsidence (i.e., negative ISBAS pixel value) was a clear indicator of mine activity. Trial activity thresholds were set for the descriptive variables mean (-2.43 mm/yr) and minimum (-5.36 mm/yr) to explore an ISBAS approach to active mine identification. The study concluded that the ISBAS method has great potential as a monitoring tool for ASM, with the ability to separate mining and non-mining areas based on surface motion values, and further distinguish the different mine types (industrial, surface, and tunnel). Ground data collection and further development of ISBAS analysis needs to be made to fully understand the value of an ISBAS-based ASM monitoring system. In particular, surrounding the impact of seasonality relative to longer-term trends in ASM activity.

Citation

Brown, C., Daniels, A., Boyd, D. S., Sowter, A., Foody, G., & Kara, S. (2020). Investigating the potential of radar interferometry for monitoring rural artisanal cobalt mines in the democratic republic of the congo. Sustainability, 12(23), Article 9834. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239834

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 18, 2020
• Online Publication Date: Nov 24, 2020
• Publication Date: Dec 1, 2020
• Deposit Date: Nov 25, 2020
• Publicly Available Date: Nov 25, 2020
• Journal: Sustainability
• Print ISSN: 2071-1050
• Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
• Publisher: MDPI
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 12
• Issue: 23
• Article Number: 9834
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239834
• Keywords: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment; Geography, Planning and Development; Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/5069758
• Publisher URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/23/9834