The association between drugs and vaccines commonly prescribed to older people and bullous pemphigoid: a case-control study

Swiderski, Mikolaj; Vinogradova, Yana; Knaggs, Roger D; Harman, Karen; Harwood, Rowan H; Prasad, Vibhore; Persson, Monica S M; Figueredo, Grazziela; Layfield, Carron; Gran, Sonia

Abstract

Background
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune skin disease that affects mainly older people. Numerous drugs have been previously associated with BP based on case series and small hospital-based studies. More reliable and precise estimates of associations between a broad selection of drugs/vaccines and BP will enable greater awareness of potential increased risk of BP following certain medicines and help identify clinical, histological and genomic characteristics of drug-induced BP for different types of culprit drugs. Greater awareness could lead to earlier recognition or suspicion of BP and referral to a dermatologist for diagnosis. Earlier diagnosis may lead to less aggressive treatment and improved well-being.

Objectives
To determine the association between drugs/vaccines commonly prescribed to older people and BP risk.

Methods
We conducted a population-based nested case-control study between 1998-2021 using electronic primary care records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We matched BP cases with up to 5 controls. Exposures were drugs/vaccines commonly prescribed to older people. We used multivariable conditional logistic regression adjusting for multiple drug use. For antibiotics, we considered prescriptions may be prescribed for undiagnosed symptoms of BP which resemble skin infection (protopathic bias) in a sensitivity analysis.

Results
Antibiotics were the therapeutic group associated with the highest risk of BP (OR: 4.60; 95%CI 4.40-4.80). However, after adjusting for protopathic bias, the OR reduced to 2.08 (95%CI 1.99-2.17). After adjusting for protopathic bias, of all antibiotic classes and subclasses, penicillins and penicillinase-resistant penicillins had the strongest associations with BP risk (OR: 3.44; 95%CI 3.29-3.60; sensitivity analysis OR; 1.74; 1.66-1.84 and OR: 7.56; 95%CI 7.15-8.00; sensitivity analysis OR: 2.64; 95%CI 2.45-2.85, respectively). Other drugs strongly associated with increased risk were gliptins (OR: 2.77; 95% CI 2.37-3.23), and second-generation antipsychotics (OR: 2.58; 95%CI 2.20-3.03).

Conclusions
Healthcare professionals need to be aware of BP risk in older people particularly when prescribing penicillinase-resistant penicillins, gliptins, and second-generation antipsychotic drugs to recognise and manage BP early. Due to the low prevalence of disease, we do not suggest avoidance of drugs/vaccines to prevent BP. Further research should consider recency, dosage, and duration of antibiotic treatments.

Citation

Swiderski, M., Vinogradova, Y., Knaggs, R. D., Harman, K., Harwood, R. H., Prasad, V., Persson, M. S. M., Figueredo, G., Layfield, C., & Gran, S. (in press). The association between drugs and vaccines commonly prescribed to older people and bullous pemphigoid: a case-control study. British Journal of Dermatology, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljae416

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Oct 25, 2024
• Online Publication Date: Oct 28, 2024
• Deposit Date: Nov 19, 2024
• Publicly Available Date: Nov 20, 2024
• Journal: British Journal of Dermatology
• Print ISSN: 0007-0963
• Electronic ISSN: 1365-2133
• Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljae416
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/41132048
• Publisher URL: https://academic.oup.com/bjd/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjd/ljae416/7848194