Global differences in geography, religion and other societal factors are associated with sex differences in mortality from suicide: An ecological study of 182 countries

Alothman, Danah; Fogarty, Andrew

Abstract

© 2019 Background: Over 800,000 individuals die as a consequence of suicide annually, and almost two thirds of these deaths are in males. This analysis aimed to explore sex differences in global suicide rates with regards to geographic location, religion and other societal factors. Methods: Data on sex-specific suicide rates were collated for 182 countries in 2015. The exposures of interest were geographical location, majority religion, life expectancy, total fertility rate (TFR), literacy percentage, gender development index and gross domestic product. Results: Both continent and predominant religion were strongly associated with the male:female ratio for deaths from suicide (p < 0.001 for both variables). The highest male:female suicide ratio was observed in the Americas with a median value of 4.0 (interquartile range IQR: 3.0–5.0) and the lowest gender suicide ratios were observed in Africa (2.7, IQR: 2.4–3.3) and Asia (2.7, IQR: 1.8–3.9). The predominantly Christian countries revealed the highest male:female suicide ratio (3.3, IQR: 2.7–4.4) whereas the predominantly Hindu countries revealed the lowest (1.3, IQR 1.3–3.8). The following variables were all positively associated with male:female ratio of suicide mortality: Life expectancy (Spearman's correlation coefficient r = +0.21, p = 0.004), GDP per capita (r = +0.26, p = 0.003), literacy percentage (r = +0.46, p < 0.0001), and Gender Development Index (r = +0.56, p < 0.0001). TFR was negatively associated with sex suicide ratio (–0.30, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There are significant differences between male and female suicide rates across continents and cultures. Markers of societal development are associated with a higher proportion of male suicides compared to females.

Citation

Alothman, D., & Fogarty, A. (2020). Global differences in geography, religion and other societal factors are associated with sex differences in mortality from suicide: An ecological study of 182 countries. Journal of Affective Disorders, 260, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.093

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Aug 29, 2019
• Online Publication Date: Aug 29, 2019
• Publication Date: Jan 1, 2020
• Deposit Date: Sep 3, 2019
• Publicly Available Date: Aug 30, 2020
• Journal: Journal of Affective Disorders
• Print ISSN: 0165-0327
• Electronic ISSN: 1573-2517
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 260
• Pages: 67-72
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.093
• Keywords: Clinical Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental health
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2556677
• Publisher URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032719314387
• Additional Information: This article is maintained by: Elsevier; Article Title: Global differences in geography, religion and other societal factors are associated with sex differences in mortality from suicide: An ecological study of 182 countries; Journal Title: Journal of Affective Disorders; CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.093; Content Type: article; Copyright: © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Contract Date: Sep 3, 2019