Dr MARKUS EBERHARDT MARKUS.EBERHARDT@NOTTINGHAM.AC.UK
Associate Professor
Gender Differences in Reference Letters: Evidence from the Economics Job Market
Eberhardt, Markus; Facchini, Giovanni; Rueda, Valeria
Authors
GIOVANNI FACCHINI GIOVANNI.FACCHINI@NOTTINGHAM.AC.UK
Professor of Economics
VALERIA RUEDA VALERIA.RUEDA@NOTTINGHAM.AC.UK
Associate Professor
Abstract
Academia, and economics in particular, faces increased scrutiny because of gender imbalance. This paper studies the job market for entry-level faculty positions. We employ machine learning methods to analyze gendered patterns in the text of 12,000 reference letters written in support of over 3,700 candidates. Using both supervised and unsupervised techniques, we document widespread differences in the attributes emphasized. Women are systematically more likely to be described using 'grindstone' terms and at times less likely to be praised for their ability. Using information on initial placement we highlight the implications of these gendered descriptors for the quality of academic placement.
Citation
Eberhardt, M., Facchini, G., & Rueda, V. (2023). Gender Differences in Reference Letters: Evidence from the Economics Job Market. Economic Journal, 133(655), 2676-2708. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead045
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | Jun 13, 2023 |
Online Publication Date | Jun 20, 2023 |
Publication Date | 2023-10 |
Deposit Date | Jun 16, 2023 |
Publicly Available Date | Jun 21, 2023 |
Journal | Economic Journal |
Print ISSN | 0013-0133 |
Electronic ISSN | 1468-0297 |
Publisher | Wiley |
Peer Reviewed | Peer Reviewed |
Volume | 133 |
Issue | 655 |
Pages | 2676-2708 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead045 |
Keywords | Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists; Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination |
Public URL | https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/21917128 |
Publisher URL | https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/133/655/2676/7204142 |
Files
Gender-jm Appendix
(2.2 Mb)
PDF
Gender Differences in Reference Letters: Evidence from the Economics Job Market
(2.7 Mb)
PDF
Licence
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Publisher Licence URL
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Version
Accepted Manuscript
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