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Beyond Conventional Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism: A Phase with Nonrelativistic Spin and Crystal Rotation Symmetry

Šmejkal, Libor; Sinova, Jairo; Jungwirth, Tomas

Beyond Conventional Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism: A Phase with Nonrelativistic Spin and Crystal Rotation Symmetry Thumbnail


Authors

Libor Šmejkal

Jairo Sinova

TOMAS JUNGWIRTH tomas.jungwirth@nottingham.ac.uk
Research Professor of Ferromagnetic Semiconductors



Abstract

Recent series of theoretical and experimental reports have driven attention to time-reversal symmetry-breaking spintronic and spin-splitting phenomena in materials with collinear-compensated magnetic order incompatible with conventional ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism. Here we employ an approach based on nonrelativistic spin-symmetry groups that resolves the conflicting notions of unconventional ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism by delimiting a third basic collinear magnetic phase. We derive that all materials hosting this collinear-compensated magnetic phase are characterized by crystal-rotation symmetries connecting opposite-spin sublattices separated in the real space and opposite-spin electronic states separated in the momentum space. We describe prominent extraordinary characteristics of the phase, including the alternating spin-splitting sign and broken time-reversal symmetry in the nonrelativistic band structure, the planar or bulk d-, g-, or i-wave symmetry of the spin-dependent Fermi surfaces, spin-degenerate nodal lines and surfaces, band anisotropy of individual spin channels, and spin-split general, as well as time-reversal invariant momenta. Guided by the spin-symmetry principles, we discover in ab initio calculations outlier materials with an extraordinary nonrelativistic spin splitting, whose eV-scale and momentum dependence are determined by the crystal potential of the nonmagnetic phase. This spin-splitting mechanism is distinct from conventional relativistic spin-orbit coupling and ferromagnetic exchange, as well as from the previously considered anisotropic exchange mechanism in compensated magnets. Our results, combined with our identification of material candidates for the phase ranging from insulators and metals to a parent crystal of cuprate superconductors, underpin research of novel quantum phenomena and spintronic functionalities in high-temperature magnets with light elements, vanishing net magnetization, and strong spin coherence. In the discussion, we argue that the conflicting notions of unconventional ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism, on the one hand, and our symmetry-based delimitation of the third phase, on the other hand, favor a distinct term referring to the phase. The alternating spin polarizations in both the real-space crystal structure and the momentum-space band structure characteristic of this unconventional magnetic phase suggest a term altermagnetism. We point out that d-wave altermagnetism represents a realization of the long-sought-after counterpart in magnetism of the unconventional d-wave superconductivity.

Citation

Šmejkal, L., Sinova, J., & Jungwirth, T. (2022). Beyond Conventional Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism: A Phase with Nonrelativistic Spin and Crystal Rotation Symmetry. Physical Review X, 12(3), Article 031042. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.12.031042

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Aug 11, 2022
Online Publication Date Sep 23, 2022
Publication Date Jul 1, 2022
Deposit Date Oct 12, 2022
Publicly Available Date Mar 28, 2024
Journal Physical Review X
Electronic ISSN 2160-3308
Publisher American Physical Society (APS)
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 12
Issue 3
Article Number 031042
DOI https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.12.031042
Keywords General Physics and Astronomy
Public URL https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/11756216
Publisher URL https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.12.031042

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