Expression of Cathepsin D in early-stage breast cancer and its prognostic and predictive value (2024)
Journal Article
Alhudiri, I., Nolan, C., Ellis, I., Elzagheid, A., Green, A., & Chapman, C. (2024). Expression of Cathepsin D in early-stage breast cancer and its prognostic and predictive value. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 206(1), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-024-07293-y

Purpose
Cathepsin D is a proteolytic enzyme that is normally localized in the lysosomes and is involved in the malignant progression of breast cancer. There are conflicting results regarding Cathepsin D significance as prognostic and predictor marke... Read More about Expression of Cathepsin D in early-stage breast cancer and its prognostic and predictive value.

Characteristics and prognostic significance of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) expression in breast cancer (2023)
Journal Article
Lashen, A. G., Toss, M. S., Wootton, L., Green, A. R., Mongan, N. P., Madhusudan, S., & Rakha, E. (2023). Characteristics and prognostic significance of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) expression in breast cancer. Histopathology, 83(3), 414-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14960

Background: Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) plays a crucial role in cell cycle progression,and it is considered a potential therapeutic target in many cancers. Although the role of PLK1 is well established in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) as an onco... Read More about Characteristics and prognostic significance of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) expression in breast cancer.

Combined proliferation and apoptosis index provides better risk stratification in breast cancer (2023)
Journal Article
Ibrahim, A., Toss, M. S., Atallah, N. M., Al Saleem, M., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2023). Combined proliferation and apoptosis index provides better risk stratification in breast cancer. Histopathology, 82(7), 1029-1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14887

Aims: Breast cancer (BC) risk stratification is critical for predicting behaviour and guiding management decision-making. Despite the well-established prognostic value of cellular proliferation in BC, the interplay between proliferation and apoptosis... Read More about Combined proliferation and apoptosis index provides better risk stratification in breast cancer.

The clinical significance of cyclin B1 (CCNB1) in invasive breast cancer with emphasis on its contribution to lymphovascular invasion development (2022)
Journal Article
Aljohani, A. I., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. (2023). The clinical significance of cyclin B1 (CCNB1) in invasive breast cancer with emphasis on its contribution to lymphovascular invasion development. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 198, 423-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-022-06801-2

Background
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is regulated through complex molecular mechanisms. Cyclin B1 (CCNB1) was previously determined as being associated with LVI using large cohorts of breast cancer (BC) and artificial neural network (ANN) techni... Read More about The clinical significance of cyclin B1 (CCNB1) in invasive breast cancer with emphasis on its contribution to lymphovascular invasion development.

Ki67 assessment in invasive luminal breast cancer: a comparative study between different scoring methods (2022)
Journal Article
Lashen, A., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., Mongan, N. P., & Rakha, E. (2022). Ki67 assessment in invasive luminal breast cancer: a comparative study between different scoring methods. Histopathology, 81(6), 786-798. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14781

Background: Ki67 reflects the proliferation activity in breast cancer (BC). However, an optimal method for its assessment in clinical settings has yet to be robustly defined. In this study, we compared several methods to score Ki67 to identify a reli... Read More about Ki67 assessment in invasive luminal breast cancer: a comparative study between different scoring methods.

The characteristics and clinical significance of atypical mitosis in breast cancer (2022)
Journal Article
Lashen, A., Toss, M. S., Alsaleem, M., Green, A. R., Mongan, N. P., & Rakha, E. (2022). The characteristics and clinical significance of atypical mitosis in breast cancer. Modern Pathology, 35, 1341-1348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-022-01080-0

Atypical mitosis is considered a feature of malignancy, however, its significance in breast cancer (BC) remains elusive. Here, we aimed to assess the clinical value of atypical mitoses in BC and to explore their underlying molecular features. Atypica... Read More about The characteristics and clinical significance of atypical mitosis in breast cancer.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) is a poor prognostic biomarker in invasive breast cancer (2022)
Journal Article
Kariri, Y., Toss, M. S., Alsaleem, M., Elsharawy, K. A., Joseph, C., Mongan, N. P., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2022). Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) is a poor prognostic biomarker in invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 192(3), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-022-06531-5

Background
The Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) is essential for the ubiquitin–proteasome system and is involved in cancer cell migration and apoptosis. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of UBE2C in invasive breast cancer (BC... Read More about Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) is a poor prognostic biomarker in invasive breast cancer.

Oestrogen-regulated protein SLC39A6: a biomarker of good prognosis in luminal breast cancer (2021)
Journal Article
Althobiti, M., El-Sharawy, K. A., Joseph, C., Aleskandarany, M., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2021). Oestrogen-regulated protein SLC39A6: a biomarker of good prognosis in luminal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 189(3), 621-630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06336-y

Purpose
The outcome of the luminal oestrogen receptor-positive (ER +) subtype of breast cancer (BC) is highly variable and patient stratification needs to be refined. We assessed the prognostic significance of oestrogen-regulated solute carrier fami... Read More about Oestrogen-regulated protein SLC39A6: a biomarker of good prognosis in luminal breast cancer.

The frequency and clinical significance of DNA polymerase beta (POLβ) expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (2021)
Journal Article
Al-Kawaz, A., Ali, R., Toss, M. S., Miligy, I. M., Mohammed, O. J., Green, A. R., Madhusudan, S., & Rakha, E. A. (2021). The frequency and clinical significance of DNA polymerase beta (POLβ) expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 190, 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06357-7

Background: The prediction of clinical behaviour of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and its progression to invasive disease remains a challenge. Alterations of DNA damage repair mechanisms are associated with invasive breast cancer (BC). This... Read More about The frequency and clinical significance of DNA polymerase beta (POLβ) expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

The prognostic significance of Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1) in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (2021)
Journal Article
Al-Kawaz, A., Miligy, I. M., Toss, M. S., Mohammed, O. J., Green, A. R., Madhusudan, S., & Rakha, E. A. (2021). The prognostic significance of Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1) in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 188(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06271-y

Background
Impaired DNA repair mechanism is one of the cancer hallmarks. Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is essential for genomic integrity. FEN1 has key roles during base excision repair (BER) and replication. We hypothesised a role for FEN1 in breast c... Read More about The prognostic significance of Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1) in breast ductal carcinoma in situ.

Patterns of biomarker expression in patients treated with primary endocrine therapy – a unique insight using core needle biopsy tissue microarray (2020)
Journal Article
Parks, R. M., Albanghali, M. A., Syed, B. M., Green, A. R., Ellis, I. O., & Cheung, K. L. (2021). Patterns of biomarker expression in patients treated with primary endocrine therapy – a unique insight using core needle biopsy tissue microarray. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 185(3), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-06023-4

© 2020, The Author(s). Purpose: Prediction of response to primary endocrine therapy (PET) in older women is based on measurement of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and human epidermal growth factor (HER)-2. This study uses a uniq... Read More about Patterns of biomarker expression in patients treated with primary endocrine therapy – a unique insight using core needle biopsy tissue microarray.

Nucleolar protein 10 (NOP10) predicts poor prognosis in invasive breast cancer (2020)
Journal Article
Elsharawy, K. A., Althobiti, M., Mohammed, O. J., Aljohani, A. I., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. (2021). Nucleolar protein 10 (NOP10) predicts poor prognosis in invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 185(3), 615-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-05999-3

Purpose
Nucleolar protein 10 (NOP10) is required for ribosome biogenesis and telomere maintenance and plays a key role in carcinogenesis. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and prognostic significance of NOP10 in breast cancer (BC).

Methods... Read More about Nucleolar protein 10 (NOP10) predicts poor prognosis in invasive breast cancer.

The prognostic significance of Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) in invasive breast cancer (2020)
Journal Article
Kariri, Y., Alsaleem, M., Joseph, C., Alsaeed, S., Aljohani, A., Shiino, S., Mohammed, O., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2021). The prognostic significance of Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) in invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 185(2), 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-05955-1

Background

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a prognostic factor in early-stage invasive breast cancer (BC). Through bioinformatics, data analyses of multiple BC cohorts revealed the positive association between interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15... Read More about The prognostic significance of Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) in invasive breast cancer.

The clinical significance of oestrogen receptor expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (2020)
Journal Article
Miligy, I. M., Toss, M. S., Shiino, S., Oni, G., Syed, B. M., Khout, H., Tan, Q., Green, A. R., Macmillan, R. D., Robertson, J. F. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2020). The clinical significance of oestrogen receptor expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. British Journal of Cancer, 123(10), 1513-1520. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-1023-3

Background: Oestrogen receptor (ER) in invasive breast cancer (BC) predicts response to endocrine therapy (ET) and provides prognostic value. In this study, we investigated the value of ER expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in terms of out... Read More about The clinical significance of oestrogen receptor expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ.

The prognostic significance of ALDH1A1 expression in early invasive breast cancer (2020)
Journal Article
Althobiti, M., El Ansari, R., Aleskandarany, M., Joseph, C., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2020). The prognostic significance of ALDH1A1 expression in early invasive breast cancer. Histopathology, 77(3), 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14129

Aims: Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1)is reportedly a key ALDH isozyme linked to the cancer stem cells (CSC) of many solid tumours, where it is involved in self-renewal, differentiation and self-protection. In this study, the progn... Read More about The prognostic significance of ALDH1A1 expression in early invasive breast cancer.

The prognostic significance of immune microenvironment in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (2020)
Journal Article
Toss, M. S., Abidi, A., Lesche, D., Joseph, C., Mahale, S., Saunders, H., Kader, T., Miligy, I. M., Green, A. R., Gorringe, K. L., & Rakha, E. A. (2020). The prognostic significance of immune microenvironment in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. British Journal of Cancer, 122, 1496–1506. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-0797-7

Background

The role of different subtypes of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is still poorly defined. This study aimed to assess the prognostic significance of B and T lymphocytes and immune checkpo... Read More about The prognostic significance of immune microenvironment in breast ductal carcinoma in situ.

Clinicopathological Characteristics of Basal-like Breast Cancer (BLBC): a Comparative Study between Egyptian and British Patients (2019)
Journal Article
Mohammed, R. A. A., El-Deek, H. E.-D. M., Aleskandarany, M. A., Green, A. R., Ellis, I. O., & Rakha, E. A. (2019). Clinicopathological Characteristics of Basal-like Breast Cancer (BLBC): a Comparative Study between Egyptian and British Patients. Egyptian Journal of Pathology, 16(1), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.4103/EGJP.EGJP_15_19

Background and aims: Clinicopathological features of Basal-like Breast Cancer (BLBC) in African American women have been extensively studied. Comparatively, less is known about these tumors in patients from countries in the North African region. The... Read More about Clinicopathological Characteristics of Basal-like Breast Cancer (BLBC): a Comparative Study between Egyptian and British Patients.

Clinicopathological significance of lipocalin 2 nuclear expression in invasive breast cancer (2019)
Journal Article
Kurozumi, S., Alsaeed, S., Orah, N., Miligy, I. M., Joseph, C., Aljohani, A., Toss, M. S., Fujii, T., Shirabe, K., Green, A. R., Aleskandarany, M. A., & Rakha, E. A. (2020). Clinicopathological significance of lipocalin 2 nuclear expression in invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 179, 557–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-019-05488-2

PURPOSE: The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is involved in the regulation of EMT. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance... Read More about Clinicopathological significance of lipocalin 2 nuclear expression in invasive breast cancer.

Prognostic Significance of KN Motif and Ankyrin Repeat Domains 1 (KANK1) in Invasive Breast Cancer (2019)
Journal Article
Kariri, Y. A., Joseph, C., Kurozumi, S., Toss, M. S., Alsaleem, M., Raafat, S., Mongan, N. P., Aleskandarany, M. A., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2020). Prognostic Significance of KN Motif and Ankyrin Repeat Domains 1 (KANK1) in Invasive Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 179(2), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-019-05466-8

Background: KN Motif and Ankyrin Repeat Domains 1 (KANK1) plays an important role in cytoskeleton maintenance and contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation, adhesion and apoptosis. KANK1 is involved in progression of a variety of solid tumo... Read More about Prognostic Significance of KN Motif and Ankyrin Repeat Domains 1 (KANK1) in Invasive Breast Cancer.

The prognostic significance of wild type isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) in breast cancer (2019)
Journal Article
Aljohani, A. I., Toss, M. S., Kurozumi, S., Joseph, C., Aleskandarany, M. A., Miligy, I. M., Ansari, R. E., Mongan, N. P., Ellis, I. O., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. (2020). The prognostic significance of wild type isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 179(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-019-05459-7

Background: Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a prerequisite step in breast cancer (BC) metastasis. We have previously identified wild type isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) as a key putative driver of LVI. Thus, we explored the prognostic significanc... Read More about The prognostic significance of wild type isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) in breast cancer.