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Design and Analysis of an Improved Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Machine with a T-type Magnet Array (2024)
Journal Article
Guo, R., Bian, Y., Guo, B., Zhang, F., & Wang, W. (2024). Design and Analysis of an Improved Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Machine with a T-type Magnet Array. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2024.3429183

The surface-mounted tubular permanent magnet linear machine (SM-TPMLM) is widely used in many industrial applications. However, the PMs are fragile and easily fall off when linear machines are operated at reciprocating oscillation speed over long per... Read More about Design and Analysis of an Improved Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Machine with a T-type Magnet Array.

A Review of Carbon Emissions from Electrical Machine Materials (2024)
Journal Article
Zhang, X., Gerada, D., Xu, Z., Zhang, F., & Gerada, C. (2024). A Review of Carbon Emissions from Electrical Machine Materials. Electronics, 13(9), Article 1714. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091714

As the world embarks on a global mission to tackle climate change, reducing carbon represents a key challenge given the escalating global warming. The U.K. is among many other nations that are determined to decarbonise all sectors and strive to achie... Read More about A Review of Carbon Emissions from Electrical Machine Materials.

Novel End-Winding Hybrid Flux Machine (2023)
Journal Article
Shi, B., Huang, X., Li, J., Zhang, H., Zhao, H., Zhang, X., …Gerada, C. (2023). Novel End-Winding Hybrid Flux Machine. IEEE Access, 11, 133781-133791. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3336675

This paper presents a novel motor topology, called the End-Winding Flux Machine (EWM), which explores the potential function of end-windings in rotating electric machines. By introducing an axial-radial flux stator into the end-windings, a hybrid flu... Read More about Novel End-Winding Hybrid Flux Machine.

Research on the Effect of Heat Pipe Inclination Angle on Temperature Distribution in Electrical Machines (2023)
Journal Article
Zhao, H., Zhang, X., Li, J., Zhang, F., Zhang, Y., Yan, H., …Gerada, D. (2023). Research on the Effect of Heat Pipe Inclination Angle on Temperature Distribution in Electrical Machines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 59(6), 6745-6755. https://doi.org/10.1109/tia.2023.3310977

Due to high equivalent thermal conductivity with lightweight and small size, heat pipes (HPs) are being extensively applied in the motor cooling system to improve its thermal performance. However, when practically installed in electrical machines, th... Read More about Research on the Effect of Heat Pipe Inclination Angle on Temperature Distribution in Electrical Machines.

Analytical Calculation and Experimental Validation of Litz Wires Axial Thermal Conductivity (2023)
Journal Article
Li, Z., Xu, Z., Zhang, F., Gerada, D., Guo, R., Zhang, H., …Zhang, C. (2024). Analytical Calculation and Experimental Validation of Litz Wires Axial Thermal Conductivity. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 10(1), 1167-1179. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2023.3262766

Litz wires are widely used in electrical machines with reduced AC losses, compared to traditional random winding. The reduced AC losses can improve both electrical machines electromagnetic performance, such as efficiency and thermal performance. Ther... Read More about Analytical Calculation and Experimental Validation of Litz Wires Axial Thermal Conductivity.

Heat Pipe Bending Effect on Cooling Effectiveness in Electrical Machines (2023)
Journal Article
Zhao, H., Zhang, X., Li, J., Wang, H., Zhang, F., Zhang, H., …Gerada, D. (2023). Heat Pipe Bending Effect on Cooling Effectiveness in Electrical Machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 38(3), 2011-2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2023.3249971

Heat pipes(HPs) are being extensively explored in motor cooling scenarios for enhanced cooling capacity. HPs are commonly bent to adapt to the compact structure of electrical machines, whereas the bending effect on motor cooling effectiveness still r... Read More about Heat Pipe Bending Effect on Cooling Effectiveness in Electrical Machines.

Experimental Investigation of Heat Pipe Inclination Angle Effect on Temperature Nonuniformity in Electrical Machines (2022)
Journal Article
Zhang, X., Zhao, H., Li, J., Zhang, F., Zhang, Y., Yan, H., Niu, Z., Gerada, D., & Zhang, H. (2023). Experimental Investigation of Heat Pipe Inclination Angle Effect on Temperature Nonuniformity in Electrical Machines. Energies, 16(1), Article 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010350

Heat pipes (HPs) are gaining increasing popularity in the propulsion motors of transportation electrification due to their remarkable thermal properties. However, the inclination angle affects the HP thermal performance and, thus, results in temperat... Read More about Experimental Investigation of Heat Pipe Inclination Angle Effect on Temperature Nonuniformity in Electrical Machines.

Airgap Length Analysis of a 350kW PM-Assisted Syn-Rel Machine for Heavy Duty EV Traction (2022)
Journal Article
Zou, T., Gerada, D., La Rocca, S., La Rocca, A., Walker, A., Vakil, G., Arevalo, . S. L., Xu, Z., Cui, M., Bardalai, A., Wang, M., Kumar, R. M. R., Marfoli, A., Paciura, . K., Barden, R., Ernest, E., Zhu, . S., Qayyum, N., McQueen, A., Zhang, F., & Gerada, C. (2023). Airgap Length Analysis of a 350kW PM-Assisted Syn-Rel Machine for Heavy Duty EV Traction. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 59(2), 1557-1570. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2022.3225255

Synchronous reluctance (Syn-Rel) machines with embedded permanent magnets (PMs) are research hotspots in variable speed motor drives due to their robust rotor structure and wide constant power speed range (CPSR). In this paper, the potential of PM-as... Read More about Airgap Length Analysis of a 350kW PM-Assisted Syn-Rel Machine for Heavy Duty EV Traction.

A Comprehensive Review and Experimental Investigation on Heat Pipes Application in Electrical Machines (2022)
Journal Article
Zhao, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, F., Wang, S., Zhao, W., Li, J., Zhang, H., & Gerada, D. (2023). A Comprehensive Review and Experimental Investigation on Heat Pipes Application in Electrical Machines. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 9(2), 2267-2281. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2022.3207504

The rapid development of transportation electrification brings unprecedented opportunities and challenges as well to the technological improvement of high-power-density motors. As the major restriction of motor performance, thermal issues attract mor... Read More about A Comprehensive Review and Experimental Investigation on Heat Pipes Application in Electrical Machines.

Experimental Investigation of Oil Jet Cooling in Electrical Machines with Hairpin Windings (2022)
Journal Article
Liu, C., Xu, Z., Gerada, D., Zhang, F., Chong, Y. C., Michon, M., Goss, J., Gerada, C., & Zhang, H. (2023). Experimental Investigation of Oil Jet Cooling in Electrical Machines with Hairpin Windings. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 9(1), 598-608. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2022.3186947

Oil jet cooling and hairpin windings have become popular in electrical machine design for modern electric vehicles. In recent years, these two technologies are often combined and can be found in many commercial products. The highly effective cooling... Read More about Experimental Investigation of Oil Jet Cooling in Electrical Machines with Hairpin Windings.

Performance Entitlement by Using Novel High Strength Electrical Steels and Copper Alloys for High-Speed Laminated Rotor Induction Machines (2022)
Journal Article
Zhang, F., Gerada, D., Xu, Z., He, Y., Zhang, H., Hua, W., & Gerada, C. (2022). Performance Entitlement by Using Novel High Strength Electrical Steels and Copper Alloys for High-Speed Laminated Rotor Induction Machines. Electronics, 11(2), 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020210

The laminated rotor Induction Machine (IM), with its simple construction and manufacturing, robustness, ease of control and comparatively lower cost remains by far the most utilized electromechanical energy converter. At very high speeds, traditional... Read More about Performance Entitlement by Using Novel High Strength Electrical Steels and Copper Alloys for High-Speed Laminated Rotor Induction Machines.

Improved Thermal Modeling and Experimental Validation of Oil-Flooded High-Performance Machines with Slot-Channel Cooling (2021)
Journal Article
Zhang, F., Gerada, D., Xu, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Gerada, C., …Degano, M. (2022). Improved Thermal Modeling and Experimental Validation of Oil-Flooded High-Performance Machines with Slot-Channel Cooling. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 8(1), 312-324. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2021.3106819

Thermal management is often considered a bottleneck in the pursuit of the next-generation electrical machines for electrified transportation with a step change in power density. Slot-channel cooling is considered to be an effective cooling technique,... Read More about Improved Thermal Modeling and Experimental Validation of Oil-Flooded High-Performance Machines with Slot-Channel Cooling.

Electrical Machine Slot Thermal Condition Effects on Back Iron Extension Thermal Benefits (2021)
Journal Article
Zhang, F., Gerada, D., Xu, Z., Tighe, C., Zhang, H., Yan, L., & Gerada, C. (2021). Electrical Machine Slot Thermal Condition Effects on Back Iron Extension Thermal Benefits. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 7(4), 2927-2938. https://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2021.3085822

The slot thermal condition is critical for thermal management of high-performance electrical machines, due to the high heat losses and poor heat transfer ability within the slot. With a part of the back iron projected radially downward into the slot,... Read More about Electrical Machine Slot Thermal Condition Effects on Back Iron Extension Thermal Benefits.

A thermal modeling approach and experimental validation for an oil spray-cooled hairpin winding machine (2021)
Journal Article
Zhang, F., Gerada, D., Xu, Z., Liu, C., Zhang, H., Zou, T., Chong, Y. C., & Gerada, C. (2021). A thermal modeling approach and experimental validation for an oil spray-cooled hairpin winding machine. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 7(4), 2914--2926. https://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2021.3067601

While the electromagnetic aspects of hairpin windings are actively being investigated and discussed in recent literature, including the design rules together with the loss calculation and reduction techniques, the thermal performance and modeling asp... Read More about A thermal modeling approach and experimental validation for an oil spray-cooled hairpin winding machine.

Equivalent Slot Thermal Conductivity and Back-iron Extension Effects on Machine Cooling
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Zhang, F., Gerada, D., Xu, Z., Zhang, H., & Gerada, C. (2019, August). Equivalent Slot Thermal Conductivity and Back-iron Extension Effects on Machine Cooling. Presented at 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Harbin, China

Back-iron Extension (BIE) is an effective thermal management technique which reduces the winding temperatures by projecting part of the back iron into the center of slot, thereby shortening the heat transfer path between the coil and back iron. Based... Read More about Equivalent Slot Thermal Conductivity and Back-iron Extension Effects on Machine Cooling.

Sensitivity Analysis of Machine Components Thermal Properties Effects on Winding Temperature
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Zhang, F., Gerada, D., Xu, Z., Zhang, H., & Gerada, C. (2019, August). Sensitivity Analysis of Machine Components Thermal Properties Effects on Winding Temperature. Presented at 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Harbin, China

This paper investigates the sensitivity analysis of winding temperature to key parameters in electrical machine thermal design. With a validated 3D thermal model based on an existing 75kW traction machine for an electric vehicle, the methodology of t... Read More about Sensitivity Analysis of Machine Components Thermal Properties Effects on Winding Temperature.

Fast Sizing Tool and Optimization Technique for Concentrated Wound Slotless Outer Rotor Motor for eVTOL Application
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Dave, N., Gerada, D., Vakil, G., Zhang, H., Shi, B., Zhang, F., Li, J., & Gerada, C. (2022, September). Fast Sizing Tool and Optimization Technique for Concentrated Wound Slotless Outer Rotor Motor for eVTOL Application. Presented at 2022 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), Valencia, Spain

This paper aims to present the feasibility and advantages of slotless motors for electric aircraft applications. Currently, eVTOL (electric vertical takeoff and landing) aircraft are equipped with a slotted motor with concentrated windings and an out... Read More about Fast Sizing Tool and Optimization Technique for Concentrated Wound Slotless Outer Rotor Motor for eVTOL Application.