All Outputs (91)

On Face Value: A Ghost Driver Field Study Investigating Interactions Between Pedestrians and a Driverless Vehicle with Anthropomorphic Displays (2025)
Journal Article
Large, D., Harvey, C., Hallewell, M., Li, X., & Burnett, G. (in press). On Face Value: A Ghost Driver Field Study Investigating Interactions Between Pedestrians and a Driverless Vehicle with Anthropomorphic Displays. Ergonomics,

In a novel, on-road study, using a ‘Ghost Driver’ to emulate an automated vehicle (AV), we captured over 10 hours of video (n=520) and 64 survey responses documenting the behaviour and attitudes of pedestrians in response to the AV. Three prototype e... Read More about On Face Value: A Ghost Driver Field Study Investigating Interactions Between Pedestrians and a Driverless Vehicle with Anthropomorphic Displays.

Two For The Road: An Exploratory Study Investigating Driver and Co-Passenger Interactions during Automation and the Transition of Control in a Level 3 Automated Vehicle (2024)
Journal Article
Large, D., Harvey, C., Shaw, E., Khandeparker, S., Burnett, G., & Box, E. (in press). Two For The Road: An Exploratory Study Investigating Driver and Co-Passenger Interactions during Automation and the Transition of Control in a Level 3 Automated Vehicle. Advances in Transportation Studies, 66, 125-144

To explore the impact of a front-seat passenger during SAE level 3 (L3) automation, eighteen established driver-passenger pairings undertook three 30-minute journeys framed as ‘days-out’ in a L3 driving simulator. Participants were reminded of their... Read More about Two For The Road: An Exploratory Study Investigating Driver and Co-Passenger Interactions during Automation and the Transition of Control in a Level 3 Automated Vehicle.

How Will Drivers and Passengers Interact in Future Automated Vehicles? (2024)
Report
Large, D. R., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2024). How Will Drivers and Passengers Interact in Future Automated Vehicles?. RAC Foundation

The presence of one or more passengers has been shown to distract drivers during manual driving, with reported reductions in situational awareness, an increase in the risk of taking unsafe actions, and an increased risk of a fatal crash, particularly... Read More about How Will Drivers and Passengers Interact in Future Automated Vehicles?.

In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D. R., Harvey, C., Shaw, E., Khandeparker, S., Burnett, G., & Box, E. (2024, April). In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles. Presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2024, Kenilworth, UK

We highlight exemplar behaviours elicited through the observation of driver-passenger interactions in a multiple journey driving simulator study, demonstrating both distractive and protective effects when a front-seat passenger is present during SAE... Read More about In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles.

Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis (2023)
Journal Article
Clark, J. R., Large, D. R., Shaw, E., Nichele, E., Galvez Trigo, M. J., Fischer, J. E., Burnett, G., & Stanton, N. A. (2024). Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis. Applied Ergonomics, 114, Article 104152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104152

Onboard virtual assistants with the ability to converse with users are gaining favour in supporting effective human-machine interaction to meet safe standards of operation in automated vehicles (AVs). Previous studies have highlighted the need to com... Read More about Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis.

I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication (2023)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D. R., Hallewell, M., Li, X., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2023, September). I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication. Presented at 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Ingolstadt, Germany

We employed the 'Ghost Driver' methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle (AV) and explored pedestrians' (n=520) crossing behaviour in response to external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs). Three eHMI designs were created to replace absent pedestri... Read More about I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication.

Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles (2023)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D. R., Hallewell, M., Li, X., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2023, April). Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles. Presented at Contemporary Ergonomics & Human Factors 2023, Kenilworth, UK

The absence of a human driver in future autonomous vehicles means that explicit pedestrian-driver communication is not possible. Building on the novel ‘Ghost Driver’ methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle, we developed prototype external human-... Read More about Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles.

A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing (2023)
Journal Article
Large, D. R., Pampel, S. M., Merriman, S. E., & Burnett, G. (2023). A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 17(6), 1104-1117. https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.12362

Studies comparing results captured in a simulator with those on road are important to validate the approach but are scarce in the context of secondary task distraction due to the potential ramifications of diverting attention away from safe driving.... Read More about A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing.

“Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Coffey, M., Hallewell, M., LARGE, D., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2022, October). “Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience. Presented at 8th International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (DDI2022), Gothenburg, Sweden

The remote operation of automated vehicles (‘teleoperation’) has been posited as a potential solution for situations in which human intervention is required, but creates new challenges for ‘driver’ distraction and inattention. Guided by the critical... Read More about “Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience.

Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Wilson, H., LARGE, D., & Burnett, G. (2022, October). Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study. Presented at 8th International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (DDI2022), Gothenburg, Sweden

Theoretical techniques to model and predict drivers’ visual behaviour during the execution of secondary in- vehicle tasks, such as the extended keystroke level model (eKLM), are predicated on perfect task resumability during the interleaving of atten... Read More about Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study.

Augmenting Automotive Gesture Infotainment Interfaces through Mid-Air Haptic Icon Design (2022)
Book Chapter
Brown, E., Large, D. R., Limerick, H., Frier, W., & Burnett, G. (2022). Augmenting Automotive Gesture Infotainment Interfaces through Mid-Air Haptic Icon Design. In Ultrasound Mid-Air Haptics for Touchless Interfaces (119-145). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04043-6_5

A growing body of work is demonstrating the potential benefits of haptic interfaces for the automotive domain, including the use of ultrasound haptic interfaces. In this chapter, we present our work into the development of an in-vehicle mid-air gestu... Read More about Augmenting Automotive Gesture Infotainment Interfaces through Mid-Air Haptic Icon Design.

Deriving UX Dimensions for Future Autonomous Taxi Interface Design (2022)
Journal Article
Hallewell, M., Large, D., Harvey, C., Briars, L., Evans, J., Coffey, M., & Burnett, G. (2022). Deriving UX Dimensions for Future Autonomous Taxi Interface Design. Journal of Usability Studies, 17(4), 140-163

Advances in autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies mean that driverless taxis could become a part of everyday life in cities within the next decade. We present a user-design activity leading to the development of an experience-design framework for auto... Read More about Deriving UX Dimensions for Future Autonomous Taxi Interface Design.

Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Jestin, I., Fischer, J., Galvez Trigo, M. J., Large, D. R., & Burnett, G. (2022, July). Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles. Presented at CUI 2022: 4th Conference on Conversational User Interfaces, Glasgow, UK

Voice assistants in future autonomous vehicles may play a major role in supporting the driver during periods of a transfer of control with the vehicle (handover and handback). However, little is known about the effects of different qualities of the v... Read More about Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles.

Validating the Salience of Haptic Icons for Automotive Mid-Air Haptic Gesture Interfaces (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Brown, E., Large, D., Limerick, H., Frier, W., & Burnett, G. (2022, April). Validating the Salience of Haptic Icons for Automotive Mid-Air Haptic Gesture Interfaces. Paper presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2022, Birmingham, UK

Mid-air haptic technology has enabled a new research arena in spatial interaction to emerge. Various efforts have attempted to pair mid-air haptics with gestural input for In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems but have not explored the higher reaches of se... Read More about Validating the Salience of Haptic Icons for Automotive Mid-Air Haptic Gesture Interfaces.

Pro-Social Mobility: Using Mozilla Hubs as a Design Collaboration Tool (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D., Hallewell, M., Briars, L., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2022, April). Pro-Social Mobility: Using Mozilla Hubs as a Design Collaboration Tool. Paper presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2022, Birmingham, UK

This paper showcases the novel application of Mozilla Hubs in the context of interface design for future, autonomous taxis. It demonstrates that repurposing pro-social virtual reality as a design collaboration tool enables an embodied and spatialised... Read More about Pro-Social Mobility: Using Mozilla Hubs as a Design Collaboration Tool.

Evaluating Virtual Reality 360 Video to Inform Interface Design for Driverless Taxis (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D., Hallewell, M., Coffey, M., Evans, J., Briars, L., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2022, April). Evaluating Virtual Reality 360 Video to Inform Interface Design for Driverless Taxis. Paper presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2022, Birmingham, UK

Autonomous, self-driving taxis are a commonly cited solution for future mobility but inevitably raise myriad human-centred design and usability challenges. However, conducting usability and user experience studies in imagined, future vehicles is trou... Read More about Evaluating Virtual Reality 360 Video to Inform Interface Design for Driverless Taxis.

Deriving Personas to Inform HMI Design for Future Autonomous Taxis: A Case Study on User- Requirement Elicitation (2021)
Journal Article
Hallewell, M. J., Hughes, N., Large, D. R., Harvey, C., Springthorpe, J., & Burnett, G. (in press). Deriving Personas to Inform HMI Design for Future Autonomous Taxis: A Case Study on User- Requirement Elicitation. Journal of Usability Studies,

Automated, Mobility-as-a-Service Vehicles (AV-MaaSs) – Autonomous Taxis - are expected to offer an inexpensive, mobility-on-demand service supporting greater sustainable transportation systems, including ‘last mile’ solutions. However, to date little... Read More about Deriving Personas to Inform HMI Design for Future Autonomous Taxis: A Case Study on User- Requirement Elicitation.

U can’t touch this! Face touching behaviour whilst driving: implications for health, hygiene and human factors (2021)
Journal Article
Ralph, F., Large, D. R., Burnett, G., Lang, A., & Morris, A. (2022). U can’t touch this! Face touching behaviour whilst driving: implications for health, hygiene and human factors. Ergonomics, 65(7), 943-959. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2021.2004241

Analysis of thirty-one hours of video-data documenting 36 experienced drivers highlighted the prevalence of face-touching, with 819 contacts identified (mean frequency: 26.4 face touches/hour (FT/h); mean duration: 3.9-seconds). Fewer face-touches oc... Read More about U can’t touch this! Face touching behaviour whilst driving: implications for health, hygiene and human factors.

What Just Happened? Exploring Drivers’ Behaviour in Response to Minimal Risk Condition – A Qualitative Driving Simulator Study (2021)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Cortez, D., Large, D., & Burnett, G. (2021, October). What Just Happened? Exploring Drivers’ Behaviour in Response to Minimal Risk Condition – A Qualitative Driving Simulator Study. Presented at 7th International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (DDI2021), Lyon, France

Automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to improve road safety by reducing the number of collisions and safety critical events [1,2]. In the event of a failure of the automated driving system (ADS), or if it reaches the limit of its capability, action... Read More about What Just Happened? Exploring Drivers’ Behaviour in Response to Minimal Risk Condition – A Qualitative Driving Simulator Study.

Assessing the Validity of Low and Medium-Fidelity Driving Simulators for HMI Distraction Testing – A Subjective Approach (2021)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Merriman, S., Large, D., Pampel, S., & Burnett, G. (2021, October). Assessing the Validity of Low and Medium-Fidelity Driving Simulators for HMI Distraction Testing – A Subjective Approach. Presented at 7th International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (DDI2021), Lyon, France

Simulators are commonly employed for conducting driving-related research due to their increased flexibility, safety and control compared to on-the-road studies [1]. However, concerns have been raised regarding the validity of the approach, that is, t... Read More about Assessing the Validity of Low and Medium-Fidelity Driving Simulators for HMI Distraction Testing – A Subjective Approach.