All Outputs (97)

On face value: a ghost driver field study investigating interactions between pedestrians and a driverless vehicle with anthropomorphic displays (2025)
Journal Article
Large, D. R., Harvey, C., Hallewell, M., Li, X., & Burnett, G. (2025). On face value: a ghost driver field study investigating interactions between pedestrians and a driverless vehicle with anthropomorphic displays. Ergonomics, https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2025.2454927

In a novel, on-road study, using a ‘Ghost Driver’ to emulate an automated vehicle (AV), we captured over 10 hours of video (n = 520) and 64 survey responses documenting the behaviour and attitudes of pedestrians in response to the AV. Three prototype... Read More about On face value: a ghost driver field study investigating interactions between pedestrians and a driverless vehicle with anthropomorphic displays.

Using Co-Simulation to Explore Distributed Situation Awareness in AV Remote Operation (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Parr, H., Harvey, C., Large, D., & Sharples, S. (2025, April). Using Co-Simulation to Explore Distributed Situation Awareness in AV Remote Operation. Presented at Contemporary Ergonomics & Human Factors, Burton upon Trent, UK

We introduce a highly novel, multi-participant co-simulation study to explore distributed situation awareness between a remote operator, a connected and automated vehicle (CAV) system and CAV user in two highly automated vehicle use cases. Initial re... Read More about Using Co-Simulation to Explore Distributed Situation Awareness in AV Remote Operation.

Developing Preliminary Heuristics for In-Vehicle Ambient Intelligence Systems (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Pande, S., Harvey, C., & Large, D. (2025, April). Developing Preliminary Heuristics for In-Vehicle Ambient Intelligence Systems. Presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2025, Burton upon Trent, UK

This study aimed to develop heuristics for designing and evaluating in-vehicle Ambient Intelligence (AmI) systems. Utilising an expert focus group (n=3) and a user study (n=8), 15 preliminary heuristics were derived. These aim to ensure that in-vehic... Read More about Developing Preliminary Heuristics for In-Vehicle Ambient Intelligence Systems.

Human-AI Decision-Making in Higher Education (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Houghton, R., Zhai, X., Li, Z., & Large, D. (2025, April). Human-AI Decision-Making in Higher Education. Presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2025, Burton upon Trent, UK

Findings from an online study and focus groups show that students and staff were receptive to AI decision-making in higher education, highlighting transparency and equitability. Even so, students expressed a desire for creative work to be seen by a ‘... Read More about Human-AI Decision-Making in Higher Education.

Do Hands-On or Hands-Off Drivers Perform Better During a Level-2 Silent Failure? (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Hussain, A., Large, D., & Harvey, C. (2025, April). Do Hands-On or Hands-Off Drivers Perform Better During a Level-2 Silent Failure?. Presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2025, Burton upon Trent, UK

In a driving context, a silent failure (SF) occurs when the automated vehicle system is not able to operate but does not recognise its reduced capacity. As a result, it does not request human intervention or alert the user to the failure; the human d... Read More about Do Hands-On or Hands-Off Drivers Perform Better During a Level-2 Silent Failure?.

Highlighting Barriers to the Use of Voice Systems in Cars: An Interview Study (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Khandeparker, S., Large, D., Harvey, C., Burnett, G., Proctor, K., & Hare, C. (2025, April). Highlighting Barriers to the Use of Voice Systems in Cars: An Interview Study. Presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors, Burton upon Trent, UK

Advancements in technology have driven significant growth in voice systems, enabling hands-free interaction and offering notable benefits in the automotive domain by reducing visual-manual distractions. Despite the widespread adoption of voice system... Read More about Highlighting Barriers to the Use of Voice Systems in Cars: An Interview Study.

Self-Assessing Visual Attention While Driving: Implications for Driver Monitoring Systems (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Harding, M., Harvey, C., Large, D., Burnett, G., Hare, C., & Proctor, K. (2025, April). Self-Assessing Visual Attention While Driving: Implications for Driver Monitoring Systems. Presented at Contemporary Ergonomics & Human Factors, Burton upon Trent, UK

Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) are now a requirement in all new vehicles. DMS aim to reduce crashes and improve driver attention by providing warnings or interventions to the driver. However, driver acceptance is crucial to ensuring their effectiven... Read More about Self-Assessing Visual Attention While Driving: Implications for Driver Monitoring Systems.

Two For The Road: An Exploratory Study Investigating Driver and Co-Passenger Interactions during Automation and the Transition of Control in a Level 3 Automated Vehicle (2024)
Journal Article
Large, D., Harvey, C., Shaw, E., Khandeparker, S., Burnett, G., & Box, E. (in press). Two For The Road: An Exploratory Study Investigating Driver and Co-Passenger Interactions during Automation and the Transition of Control in a Level 3 Automated Vehicle. Advances in Transportation Studies, 66, 125-144

To explore the impact of a front-seat passenger during SAE level 3 (L3) automation, eighteen established driver-passenger pairings undertook three 30-minute journeys framed as ‘days-out’ in a L3 driving simulator. Participants were reminded of their... Read More about Two For The Road: An Exploratory Study Investigating Driver and Co-Passenger Interactions during Automation and the Transition of Control in a Level 3 Automated Vehicle.

How Will Drivers and Passengers Interact in Future Automated Vehicles? (2024)
Report
Large, D. R., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2024). How Will Drivers and Passengers Interact in Future Automated Vehicles?. RAC Foundation

The presence of one or more passengers has been shown to distract drivers during manual driving, with reported reductions in situational awareness, an increase in the risk of taking unsafe actions, and an increased risk of a fatal crash, particularly... Read More about How Will Drivers and Passengers Interact in Future Automated Vehicles?.

In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D. R., Harvey, C., Shaw, E., Khandeparker, S., Burnett, G., & Box, E. (2024, April). In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles. Presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2024, Kenilworth, UK

We highlight exemplar behaviours elicited through the observation of driver-passenger interactions in a multiple journey driving simulator study, demonstrating both distractive and protective effects when a front-seat passenger is present during SAE... Read More about In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles.

Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis (2023)
Journal Article
Clark, J. R., Large, D. R., Shaw, E., Nichele, E., Galvez Trigo, M. J., Fischer, J. E., Burnett, G., & Stanton, N. A. (2024). Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis. Applied Ergonomics, 114, Article 104152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104152

Onboard virtual assistants with the ability to converse with users are gaining favour in supporting effective human-machine interaction to meet safe standards of operation in automated vehicles (AVs). Previous studies have highlighted the need to com... Read More about Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis.

I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication (2023)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D. R., Hallewell, M., Li, X., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2023, September). I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication. Presented at 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Ingolstadt, Germany

We employed the 'Ghost Driver' methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle (AV) and explored pedestrians' (n=520) crossing behaviour in response to external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs). Three eHMI designs were created to replace absent pedestri... Read More about I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication.

Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles (2023)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D. R., Hallewell, M., Li, X., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2023, April). Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles. Presented at Contemporary Ergonomics & Human Factors 2023, Kenilworth, UK

The absence of a human driver in future autonomous vehicles means that explicit pedestrian-driver communication is not possible. Building on the novel ‘Ghost Driver’ methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle, we developed prototype external human-... Read More about Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles.

A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing (2023)
Journal Article
Large, D. R., Pampel, S. M., Merriman, S. E., & Burnett, G. (2023). A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 17(6), 1104-1117. https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.12362

Studies comparing results captured in a simulator with those on road are important to validate the approach but are scarce in the context of secondary task distraction due to the potential ramifications of diverting attention away from safe driving.... Read More about A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing.

“Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Coffey, M., Hallewell, M., LARGE, D., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2022, October). “Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience. Presented at 8th International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (DDI2022), Gothenburg, Sweden

The remote operation of automated vehicles (‘teleoperation’) has been posited as a potential solution for situations in which human intervention is required, but creates new challenges for ‘driver’ distraction and inattention. Guided by the critical... Read More about “Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience.

Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Wilson, H., LARGE, D., & Burnett, G. (2022, October). Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study. Presented at 8th International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (DDI2022), Gothenburg, Sweden

Theoretical techniques to model and predict drivers’ visual behaviour during the execution of secondary in- vehicle tasks, such as the extended keystroke level model (eKLM), are predicated on perfect task resumability during the interleaving of atten... Read More about Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study.

Augmenting Automotive Gesture Infotainment Interfaces through Mid-Air Haptic Icon Design (2022)
Book Chapter
Brown, E., Large, D. R., Limerick, H., Frier, W., & Burnett, G. (2022). Augmenting Automotive Gesture Infotainment Interfaces through Mid-Air Haptic Icon Design. In Ultrasound Mid-Air Haptics for Touchless Interfaces (119-145). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04043-6_5

A growing body of work is demonstrating the potential benefits of haptic interfaces for the automotive domain, including the use of ultrasound haptic interfaces. In this chapter, we present our work into the development of an in-vehicle mid-air gestu... Read More about Augmenting Automotive Gesture Infotainment Interfaces through Mid-Air Haptic Icon Design.

Deriving UX Dimensions for Future Autonomous Taxi Interface Design (2022)
Journal Article
Hallewell, M., Large, D., Harvey, C., Briars, L., Evans, J., Coffey, M., & Burnett, G. (2022). Deriving UX Dimensions for Future Autonomous Taxi Interface Design. Journal of Usability Studies, 17(4), 140-163

Advances in autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies mean that driverless taxis could become a part of everyday life in cities within the next decade. We present a user-design activity leading to the development of an experience-design framework for auto... Read More about Deriving UX Dimensions for Future Autonomous Taxi Interface Design.

Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Jestin, I., Fischer, J., Galvez Trigo, M. J., Large, D. R., & Burnett, G. (2022, July). Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles. Presented at CUI 2022: 4th Conference on Conversational User Interfaces, Glasgow, UK

Voice assistants in future autonomous vehicles may play a major role in supporting the driver during periods of a transfer of control with the vehicle (handover and handback). However, little is known about the effects of different qualities of the v... Read More about Effects of Wording and Gendered Voices on Acceptability of Voice Assistants in Future Autonomous Vehicles.

Pro-Social Mobility: Using Mozilla Hubs as a Design Collaboration Tool (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D., Hallewell, M., Briars, L., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2022, April). Pro-Social Mobility: Using Mozilla Hubs as a Design Collaboration Tool. Paper presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2022, Birmingham, UK

This paper showcases the novel application of Mozilla Hubs in the context of interface design for future, autonomous taxis. It demonstrates that repurposing pro-social virtual reality as a design collaboration tool enables an embodied and spatialised... Read More about Pro-Social Mobility: Using Mozilla Hubs as a Design Collaboration Tool.