All Outputs (194)

Advancements in Electrical Machines for Aircraft Propulsion (2025)
Journal Article
Gerada, D., Zhang, F., Jiang, J., Zhang, X., Zou, T., Xu, Z., & Gerada, C. (2025). Advancements in Electrical Machines for Aircraft Propulsion. IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications, 14(3), 468-476. https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejjia.24010320

Electrical machines are at the center of future aircraft propulsion architectures, and their improvement is key in increasing the market uptake of cleaner transport. This paper investigates recent/ongoing improvements within the constituent technolog... Read More about Advancements in Electrical Machines for Aircraft Propulsion.

A Novel Dynamic Rotor Interturn Short Circuit Model on Rotor Electromagnetic Vibration Investigation for Synchronous Generators (2025)
Journal Article
Sun, K., He, Y.-L., Wu, X.-W., Zhang, F., Gerada, D., & Gerada, C. (2025). A Novel Dynamic Rotor Interturn Short Circuit Model on Rotor Electromagnetic Vibration Investigation for Synchronous Generators. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2025.3575537

In the early stages of Rotor Interturn Short Circuit (RISC) for synchronous generators, the short circuit is often unstable and intermittent, leading to what is known a Dynamic Rotor Interturn Short Circuit (DRISC). However, most existing research pr... Read More about A Novel Dynamic Rotor Interturn Short Circuit Model on Rotor Electromagnetic Vibration Investigation for Synchronous Generators.

Continuous Hairpin Winding Technology for Electric Machines Enabling Net Zero Transportation: A Comprehensive Review (2025)
Journal Article
Huang, H., Zou, T., Di Nardo, M., Vannini, A., Thanh Huynh, A., Degano, M., Gerada, D., Yang, T., & Gerada, C. (2025). Continuous Hairpin Winding Technology for Electric Machines Enabling Net Zero Transportation: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology, 6, 1481-1500. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3575187

Featured by low power losses and strong heat dissipation capability, hairpin winding has been widely accepted as a key enabler of boosting performance for traction/propulsion electrical machines in automotive and aerospace sectors. Continuous hairpin... Read More about Continuous Hairpin Winding Technology for Electric Machines Enabling Net Zero Transportation: A Comprehensive Review.

Holistic Design Optimisation of 350 kW High-Speed Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine for Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle (2025)
Journal Article
Jiang, J., Zou, T., Di Nardo, M., Gallicchio, G., La Rocca, S., La Rocca, A., Gerada, D., Huang, H., Ren, X., Prystupa, D., Vakil, G., Degano, M., Gerada, C., & Paciura, K. (2025). Holistic Design Optimisation of 350 kW High-Speed Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine for Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2025.3557364

The widely adopted “high-speed machine + high-ratio gear” solutions for passenger electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains are yet to be explored for demanding heavy-duty applications. This paper will investigate 350kW level high speed traction motor develo... Read More about Holistic Design Optimisation of 350 kW High-Speed Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine for Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle.

Optimization and Comparison of 1MW-Class PM Motors for Aircraft Propulsion Using Litz Wire and Hairpin Windings (2025)
Journal Article
Huynh, A. T., Huang, H., Jiang, J., Zou, T., Gerada, D., Yang, T., & Gerada, C. (2025). Optimization and Comparison of 1MW-Class PM Motors for Aircraft Propulsion Using Litz Wire and Hairpin Windings. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, https://doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2025.3547237

Choosing the right winding technology is key to maximizing power density and efficiency in electric aircraft propulsion. This paper presents a two-level optimization strategy to evaluate Litz wire and hairpin winding configurations in two 1 MW-class... Read More about Optimization and Comparison of 1MW-Class PM Motors for Aircraft Propulsion Using Litz Wire and Hairpin Windings.

High Speed Synchronous Machines: Technologies and Limits (2025)
Journal Article
Di Nardo, M., Gallicchio, G., Cupertino, F., Palmieri, M., Ilkhani, M. R., Degano, M., & Gerada, C. (2025). High Speed Synchronous Machines: Technologies and Limits. IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, 6, 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3531227

This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of high-speed synchronous machines, encompassing synchronous reluctance, its permanent magnet variant and surface permanent magnet synchronous motors. The evaluation of their maximum performance capabili... Read More about High Speed Synchronous Machines: Technologies and Limits.

Investigation of PWM Techniques for High-Frequency Harmonics Loss Performance in Dual-Three Phase Asymmetrical Machines (2025)
Journal Article
Wang, S., Rivera, M., Golovanov, D., Blissett, J., Moran, J., Davison, P., G., R., Gerada, C., & Wheeler, P. (2025). Investigation of PWM Techniques for High-Frequency Harmonics Loss Performance in Dual-Three Phase Asymmetrical Machines. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2025.3532720

Dual three-phase asymmetrical machines are more sensitive to voltage pulses from pulse width modulation (PWM) compared to conventional three-phase machines. This sensitivity results in substantial current harmonics, which cause increased machine loss... Read More about Investigation of PWM Techniques for High-Frequency Harmonics Loss Performance in Dual-Three Phase Asymmetrical Machines.

A Holistic Analysis and Experimental Testing of a Passive Heat Path for Electric Motors Slots (2025)
Journal Article
Hebala, A., Connor, P. H., Nuzzo, S., Gerada, C., & Galea, M. (2025). A Holistic Analysis and Experimental Testing of a Passive Heat Path for Electric Motors Slots. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 11(3), 8128-8138. https://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2025.3537161

This paper presents a thorough and broad analysis of the passive slot heat path concept. Six heat path shapes are proposed and compared in terms of their combined thermal and electrical performance. Through an extensive search pool that covers a wide... Read More about A Holistic Analysis and Experimental Testing of a Passive Heat Path for Electric Motors Slots.

Passive In-Slot Heat Path Realisation for Extending the Operating Limits of an Aircraft Propulsion Motor (2024)
Journal Article
Hebala, A., Nuzzo, S., H. Connor, P., Gerada, C., & Galea, M. (2025). Passive In-Slot Heat Path Realisation for Extending the Operating Limits of an Aircraft Propulsion Motor. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 11(2), 6952-6961. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2024.3520380

This paper studies the combined thermal and electrical characteristics of different in-slot conductive heat path materials and shapes to reduce the winding hotspot temperature and improve electrical motors’ output power and performance. Combinations... Read More about Passive In-Slot Heat Path Realisation for Extending the Operating Limits of an Aircraft Propulsion Motor.

An Enhanced Model Predictive Torque Control With Online Loss Minimization Tracking for SPMSM Drive (2024)
Journal Article
Wang, S., Rivera, M., Gerada, C., Wheeler, P., & Lophitis, N. (2025). An Enhanced Model Predictive Torque Control With Online Loss Minimization Tracking for SPMSM Drive. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 72(7), 6659-6668. https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2024.3493173

Maximum efficiency per ampere (MEPA) control, also known as loss minimization (LM) control, aims to minimize losses in permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive systems by optimizing the dq-axis current references. Addressing the complexities... Read More about An Enhanced Model Predictive Torque Control With Online Loss Minimization Tracking for SPMSM Drive.

Active Short Circuit Tolerant Design of Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines (2024)
Journal Article
Gallicchio, G., Nardo, M. D., Zou, T., Paciura, K., Gerada, C., & Cupertino, F. (2025). Active Short Circuit Tolerant Design of Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 40(2), 1630-1643. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2024.3508457

The functional safety standard fulfillment could necessitate the active short circuit manoeuvre regardless the pre-operating condition of the electrical machine used in traction applications. This poses an additional and computationally-challenging r... Read More about Active Short Circuit Tolerant Design of Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines.

High Precision Online MTPA Algorithm Considering Magnet Flux Parameter Mismatch for a PMa-SynRM (2024)
Journal Article
Li, D., Wang, S., Gu, C., Bao, Y., Zhang, X., Gerada, C., & Zhang, H. (2025). High Precision Online MTPA Algorithm Considering Magnet Flux Parameter Mismatch for a PMa-SynRM. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 40(2), 1203-1214. https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2024.3469948

To improve the controlled current angle accuracy and reduce the copper loss for a Permanent Magnet assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine (PMa-SynRM), this paper proposes an online Maximum Torque per Ampere (MTPA) control strategy based on Virtual H... Read More about High Precision Online MTPA Algorithm Considering Magnet Flux Parameter Mismatch for a PMa-SynRM.

High Pole Number Outer-Rotor SPM Machine for Sustainable 150kW High-Speed EV Traction (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Walker, A., Zou, T., Mifsud, L. P., Connor, P., Huang, H., Ren, X., Batho, G., Tweedy, O., Gerada, C., & Kaloun, A. (2024, October). High Pole Number Outer-Rotor SPM Machine for Sustainable 150kW High-Speed EV Traction. Presented at 2024 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC 2024, Washington, DC, USA

The ambitious roadmaps of electric vehicle (EV) powertrains are pushing traction motors to achieve step-change performance improvements in power density, efficiency, and cost by 2035. Limited by technology bricks such as materials, manufacturing and... Read More about High Pole Number Outer-Rotor SPM Machine for Sustainable 150kW High-Speed EV Traction.

In-Slot Oil Cooling Arrangement of Hairpin Windings for High Power Density EV Traction Motors (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Mifsud, L. P., Connor, P. H., Walker, A., Zou, T., Huang, H., Ren, X., Batho, G., Tweedy, O., Gerada, C., & Egger, C. (2024, October). In-Slot Oil Cooling Arrangement of Hairpin Windings for High Power Density EV Traction Motors. Presented at 2024 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC 2024, Washington, DC, USA

Ambitious electrification roadmaps for the automotive industry have prompted a revolution in winding technology for traction motors in electric vehicles (EV). Hairpin windings with reduced power losses and improved coolability are overtaking the mark... Read More about In-Slot Oil Cooling Arrangement of Hairpin Windings for High Power Density EV Traction Motors.

Highly Manufacturable Edgewise Winding Design Integrating Cooling Solutions for High Power Density Applications (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
George, E., Walker, A., Zhang, F., Vakil, G., & Gerada, C. (2024, October). Highly Manufacturable Edgewise Winding Design Integrating Cooling Solutions for High Power Density Applications. Presented at 2024 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC 2024, Washington, DC, USA

Edgewise winding is reported recently for high-performance electric machines. However, to achieve widespread uptake of electric machines, it is essential to consider the manufacturing time of the complete machine solution. For example, with different... Read More about Highly Manufacturable Edgewise Winding Design Integrating Cooling Solutions for High Power Density Applications.

An Anti-Disturbance Extended State Observer-Based Control of a PMa-SynRM for Fast Dynamic Response (2024)
Journal Article
Li, D., Wang, S., Gu, C., Bao, Y., Zhang, X., Gerada, C., & Zhang, H. (2024). An Anti-Disturbance Extended State Observer-Based Control of a PMa-SynRM for Fast Dynamic Response. Energies, 17(17), 4260. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174260

The control system of PMa-SynRMs (Permanent Magnet-assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines) exhibit susceptibility to external disturbances, thereby emphasizing the utmost significance of employing an observer to effectively observe and suppress sys... Read More about An Anti-Disturbance Extended State Observer-Based Control of a PMa-SynRM for Fast Dynamic Response.

Investigation on the Torsional–Flexural Instability Phenomena during the Bending Process of Hairpin Windings: Experimental Tests and FE Model Validation (2024)
Journal Article
Mangeruga, V., Barbieri, S. G., Giacopini, M., Giuradei, F., Vai, P., & Gerada, C. (2024). Investigation on the Torsional–Flexural Instability Phenomena during the Bending Process of Hairpin Windings: Experimental Tests and FE Model Validation. Machines, 12(6), Article 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12060396

Modern electric motors developed for the automotive industry have an ever higher power density with a relatively compact size. Among the various existing solutions to improve torque and power density, a reduction in the dimensions of the end-windings... Read More about Investigation on the Torsional–Flexural Instability Phenomena during the Bending Process of Hairpin Windings: Experimental Tests and FE Model Validation.

Research on Matching Interpolation Functions and Field Calculation Methods in Multi-Material Topology Optimization of Electric Machine (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
He, X., Yan, L., Chen, I., Gerada, C., Liu, X., Du, N., & Yang, X. (2024, May). Research on Matching Interpolation Functions and Field Calculation Methods in Multi-Material Topology Optimization of Electric Machine. Presented at 2024 IEEE 7th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC), Harbin, China

The Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) method is highly regarded in the field of topology optimization due to its ease of implementation and conceptual clarity. However, in the realm of multi-material topology optimization for electric... Read More about Research on Matching Interpolation Functions and Field Calculation Methods in Multi-Material Topology Optimization of Electric Machine.

Analysis of longitudinal-vertical coupling vibration of four hub motors driven electric vehicle under unsteady condition (2024)
Journal Article
Li, Q., Ma, C., Zhang, N., Guo, Y., Degano, M., Gerada, C., Zhou, S., & An, Y. (2024). Analysis of longitudinal-vertical coupling vibration of four hub motors driven electric vehicle under unsteady condition. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070241230700

The influence of hub motor unbalanced magnetic force (UMF) on the vibration of electric vehicle under steady state conditions has been known, but under unsteady conditions, the hub motor UMF will change with the vehicle operation condition, and there... Read More about Analysis of longitudinal-vertical coupling vibration of four hub motors driven electric vehicle under unsteady condition.

Modeling Air Pressure Impact on PDIV for Rectangular Wire Turn-to-Turn Insulation of Inverter-Fed Motors under Different Voltage Waveform Excitations (2024)
Journal Article
Naderiallaf, H., Degano, M., & Gerada, C. (2024). Modeling Air Pressure Impact on PDIV for Rectangular Wire Turn-to-Turn Insulation of Inverter-Fed Motors under Different Voltage Waveform Excitations. IEEE Access, 12, 176232-176246. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3506053

This study investigates the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) in turn-to-turn insulation of form-wound windings in inverter-fed motors under nine different air pressures, ranging from 1013 mbar to 10 mbar. The research evaluates three voltag... Read More about Modeling Air Pressure Impact on PDIV for Rectangular Wire Turn-to-Turn Insulation of Inverter-Fed Motors under Different Voltage Waveform Excitations.