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All Outputs (40)

Target product profiles for digital health technologies including those with artificial intelligence: a systematic review (2025)
Journal Article
Macdonald, T. B., Hogg, H. D., Dinnes, J., Verrinder, L., Maniatopoulos, G., Taylor-Phillips, S., Shinkins, B., Dunbar, J. K., Solebo, A. L., Sutton, H., Attwood, J., Pogose, M., Given-Wilson, R., Greaves, F., Macrae, C., Pearson, R., Tufail, A., Liu, X., & Denniston, A. K. (2025). Target product profiles for digital health technologies including those with artificial intelligence: a systematic review. Frontiers in Health Services, 5, Article 1537016. https://doi.org/10.3389/frhs.2025.1537016

Digital health technologies (DHTs), including those incorporating artificial intelligence (AI), have the potential to improve healthcare access, efficiency, and quality, reducing gaps between healthcare capacity and demand. Despite prioritisation in... Read More about Target product profiles for digital health technologies including those with artificial intelligence: a systematic review.

How Were Patient Safety Incidents Responded to, Investigated, and Learned From Within the English National Health Service Before the Implementation of the Patient Safety Incident Response Framework? A Rapid Review (2025)
Journal Article
Louch, G., Macrae, C., Talbot, R., McHugh, S., & O'Hara, J. K. (2025). How Were Patient Safety Incidents Responded to, Investigated, and Learned From Within the English National Health Service Before the Implementation of the Patient Safety Incident Response Framework? A Rapid Review. Journal of Patient Safety, https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000001349

Objective:

To understand how National Health Service organizations routinely responded to, investigated, and learned from patient safety incidents in England before the implementation of the Patient Safety Incident Response Framework, and to iden... Read More about How Were Patient Safety Incidents Responded to, Investigated, and Learned From Within the English National Health Service Before the Implementation of the Patient Safety Incident Response Framework? A Rapid Review.

Systematising safety: Developing integrated safety management systems in healthcare (2025)
Journal Article
Macrae, C. (2025). Systematising safety: Developing integrated safety management systems in healthcare. Journal of Patient Safety and Risk Management, https://doi.org/10.1177/25160435251319573

Background
After several decades of sustained effort, patient safety remains a difficult challenge. A range of policy interventions and organizational activities now focus on patient safety issues, but these are often developed as stand-alone interv... Read More about Systematising safety: Developing integrated safety management systems in healthcare.

Regulating reliably: building high-reliability regulators in healthcare (2025)
Journal Article
Macrae, C. (2025). Regulating reliably: building high-reliability regulators in healthcare. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 118(1), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768241309191

Regulation and regulators play a critical role in assuring the quality and safety of care, and undertake a range of influential activities. This includes setting appropriate standards of care; assessing and monitoring care actually being delivered wi... Read More about Regulating reliably: building high-reliability regulators in healthcare.

Human resource management in homecare in England: managing people for safe care during crisis (2024)
Journal Article
Le, T., Bishop, S., & Macrae, C. (2024). Human resource management in homecare in England: managing people for safe care during crisis. BMC Health Services Research, 24, Article 1589. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11842-y

Background

Human resource management (HRM) of healthcare organisations plays an important role in improving the continuity of care, managing staff, and ensuring patient safety. During COVID-19, there were several HR-related issues, creating a sig... Read More about Human resource management in homecare in England: managing people for safe care during crisis.

How can specialist investigation agencies inform system-wide learning for patient safety? A qualitative study of perspectives on the early years of the English healthcare safety investigation branch (2024)
Journal Article
Crompton, A., Waring, J., Macrae, C., Overton, C., & Benneyworth, R. (2025). How can specialist investigation agencies inform system-wide learning for patient safety? A qualitative study of perspectives on the early years of the English healthcare safety investigation branch. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 30(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/13558196241291816

Objectives
System-wide learning for patient safety is a core challenge for the health care sector, despite the prevalence of localised reporting and learning approaches. There is growing interest in how health care services could emulate other safet... Read More about How can specialist investigation agencies inform system-wide learning for patient safety? A qualitative study of perspectives on the early years of the English healthcare safety investigation branch.

Leading Quality and Safety on the Frontline – A Case Study of Department Leaders in Nursing Homes (2024)
Journal Article
Magerøy, M. R., Sverre Braut, G., Macrae, C., Clay-Williams, R., Braithwaite, J., & Wiig, S. (2024). Leading Quality and Safety on the Frontline – A Case Study of Department Leaders in Nursing Homes. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 16, 193-208. https://doi.org/10.2147/jhl.s454109

Purpose: The role of healthcare leaders is becoming increasingly complex, and carries great responsibility for patients, employees, and the quality of service delivery. This study explored the barriers and enablers that department leaders in nursing... Read More about Leading Quality and Safety on the Frontline – A Case Study of Department Leaders in Nursing Homes.

Target Product Profile for a Machine Learning–Automated Retinal Imaging Analysis Software for Use in English Diabetic Eye Screening: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study (2024)
Journal Article
Macdonald, T., Dinnes, J., Maniatopoulos, G., Taylor-Phillips, S., Shinkins, B., Hogg, J., Dunbar, J. K., Solebo, A. L., Sutton, H., Attwood, J., Pogose, M., Given-Wilson, R., Greaves, F., Macrae, C., Pearson, R., Bamford, D., Tufail, A., Liu, X., & Denniston, A. K. (2024). Target Product Profile for a Machine Learning–Automated Retinal Imaging Analysis Software for Use in English Diabetic Eye Screening: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 13(1), Article e50568. https://doi.org/10.2196/50568

Background: Diabetic eye screening (DES) represents a significant opportunity for the application of machine learning (ML) technologies, which may improve clinical and service outcomes. However, successful integration of ML into DES requires careful... Read More about Target Product Profile for a Machine Learning–Automated Retinal Imaging Analysis Software for Use in English Diabetic Eye Screening: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

Managing patient safety and staff safety in nursing homes: exploring how leaders of nursing homes negotiate their dual responsibilities—a case study (2024)
Journal Article
Magerøy, M. R., Macrae, C., Braut, G. S., & Wiig, S. (2024). Managing patient safety and staff safety in nursing homes: exploring how leaders of nursing homes negotiate their dual responsibilities—a case study. Frontiers in Health Services, 4, Article 1275743. https://doi.org/10.3389/frhs.2024.1275743

Objective: Within healthcare, the role of leader is becoming more complex, and healthcare leaders carry an increasing responsibility for the performance of employees, the experience and safety of patients and the quality of care provision. This study... Read More about Managing patient safety and staff safety in nursing homes: exploring how leaders of nursing homes negotiate their dual responsibilities—a case study.

Managing risk and resilience in autonomous and intelligent systems: Exploring safety in the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence in healthcare (2024)
Journal Article
Macrae, C. (2024). Managing risk and resilience in autonomous and intelligent systems: Exploring safety in the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence in healthcare. Risk Analysis, https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.14273

Autonomous and intelligent systems (AIS) are being developed and deployed across a wide range of sectors and encompass a variety of technologies designed to engage in different forms of independent reasoning and self‐directed behavior. These technolo... Read More about Managing risk and resilience in autonomous and intelligent systems: Exploring safety in the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence in healthcare.

Risk, the COVID-19 pandemic, and organizations: Extending, repurposing, and developing theory (2023)
Journal Article
Soane, E., Macrae, C., Flin, R., & Reader, T. W. (2025). Risk, the COVID-19 pandemic, and organizations: Extending, repurposing, and developing theory. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 98(1), Article e12461. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12461

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged and changed organisations. While the pandemic has brought opportunities for business in some sectors, such as information and communication, and for people who enjoy the flexibility they gain from home-based or hy... Read More about Risk, the COVID-19 pandemic, and organizations: Extending, repurposing, and developing theory.

Tracking the right path: Safety performance indicators as boundary objects in air ambulance services (2023)
Journal Article
Hayes, J., Slotsvik, T. N., Macrae, C., & Gould, K. A. P. (2023). Tracking the right path: Safety performance indicators as boundary objects in air ambulance services. Safety Science, 163, Article 106139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106139

Indicators are used by most organizations to track their safety performance. Research attention has been drawn to what makes for a good indicator (specific, proactive, etc.) and the sometimes perverse and unexpected consequences of their introduction... Read More about Tracking the right path: Safety performance indicators as boundary objects in air ambulance services.

Naming the “baby” or the “beast”? The importance of concepts and labels in healthcare safety investigation (2023)
Journal Article
Wiig, S., Macrae, C., Frich, J., & Øyri, S. F. (2023). Naming the “baby” or the “beast”? The importance of concepts and labels in healthcare safety investigation. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, Article 1087268. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1087268

This paper focuses on concepts and labels used in investigation of adverse events in healthcare. The aim is to prompt critical reflection of how different stakeholders frame investigative activity in healthcare and to discuss the implications of the... Read More about Naming the “baby” or the “beast”? The importance of concepts and labels in healthcare safety investigation.

Evaluating a system-wide, safety investigation in healthcare course in Norway: a qualitative study (2022)
Journal Article
Haraldseid-Driftland, C., MacRae, C., Guise, V., Schibevaag, L., Alsvik, J. G., Rosenberg, A., & Wiig, S. (2022). Evaluating a system-wide, safety investigation in healthcare course in Norway: a qualitative study. BMJ Open, 12(6), Article e058134. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058134

Objective and setting National, system-wide safety investigation represents a new approach to safety improvement in healthcare. In 2019, a new master's level course in Safety Investigation in Healthcare was established to support the training and dev... Read More about Evaluating a system-wide, safety investigation in healthcare course in Norway: a qualitative study.

Exploring the nature of adaptive capacity for resilience in healthcare across different healthcare contexts; a metasynthesis of narratives (2022)
Journal Article
Lyng, H. B., Macrae, C., Guise, V., Haraldseid-Driftland, C., Fagerdal, B., Schibevaag, L., Alsvik, J. G., & Wiig, S. (2022). Exploring the nature of adaptive capacity for resilience in healthcare across different healthcare contexts; a metasynthesis of narratives. Applied Ergonomics, 104, Article 103810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103810

Adaptive capacity has been described as instrumental for the development of resilience in healthcare. Yet, our theoretical understanding of adaptive capacity remains relatively underdeveloped. This research therefore aims at developing a new understa... Read More about Exploring the nature of adaptive capacity for resilience in healthcare across different healthcare contexts; a metasynthesis of narratives.

Capacities for resilience in healthcare; a qualitative study across different healthcare contexts (2022)
Journal Article
Lyng, H. B., Macrae, C., Guise, V., Haraldseid-Driftland, C., Fagerdal, B., Schibevaag, L., & Wiig, S. (2022). Capacities for resilience in healthcare; a qualitative study across different healthcare contexts. BMC Health Services Research, 22, Article 474. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07887-6

Background: Despite an emerging consensus on the importance of resilience as a framework for understanding the healthcare system, the operationalization of resilience in healthcare has become an area of continuous discussion, and especially so when s... Read More about Capacities for resilience in healthcare; a qualitative study across different healthcare contexts.

Toward Successful Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Practice: Protocol for a Research Program (2022)
Journal Article
Svedberg, P., Reed, J., Nilsen, P., Barlow, J., Macrae, C., & Nygren, J. (2022). Toward Successful Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Practice: Protocol for a Research Program. JMIR Research Protocols, 11(3), Article e34920. https://doi.org/10.2196/34920

Background: The uptake of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care is at an early stage. Recent studies have shown a lack of AI-specific implementation theories, models, or frameworks that could provide guidance for how to translate the potential... Read More about Toward Successful Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Practice: Protocol for a Research Program.

Learning from the failure of autonomous and intelligent systems: accidents, safety and sociotechnical sources of risk (2021)
Journal Article
Macrae, C. (2021). Learning from the failure of autonomous and intelligent systems: accidents, safety and sociotechnical sources of risk. Risk Analysis, 42(9), 1999-2025. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13850

Efforts to develop autonomous and intelligent systems (AIS) have exploded across a range of settings in recent years, from self-driving cars to medical diagnostic chatbots. These have the potential to bring enormous benefits to society but also have... Read More about Learning from the failure of autonomous and intelligent systems: accidents, safety and sociotechnical sources of risk.