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How can specialist investigation agencies inform system-wide learning for patient safety? A qualitative study of perspectives on the early years of the English healthcare safety investigation branch (2024)
Journal Article
Crompton, A., Waring, J., Macrae, C., Overton, C., & Benneyworth, R. (2024). How can specialist investigation agencies inform system-wide learning for patient safety? A qualitative study of perspectives on the early years of the English healthcare safety investigation branch. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, https://doi.org/10.1177/13558196241291816

Objectives
System-wide learning for patient safety is a core challenge for the health care sector, despite the prevalence of localised reporting and learning approaches. There is growing interest in how health care services could emulate other safet... Read More about How can specialist investigation agencies inform system-wide learning for patient safety? A qualitative study of perspectives on the early years of the English healthcare safety investigation branch.

Leading Quality and Safety on the Frontline – A Case Study of Department Leaders in Nursing Homes (2024)
Journal Article
Magerøy, M. R., Sverre Braut, G., Macrae, C., Clay-Williams, R., Braithwaite, J., & Wiig, S. (2024). Leading Quality and Safety on the Frontline – A Case Study of Department Leaders in Nursing Homes. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 16, 193-208. https://doi.org/10.2147/jhl.s454109

Purpose: The role of healthcare leaders is becoming increasingly complex, and carries great responsibility for patients, employees, and the quality of service delivery. This study explored the barriers and enablers that department leaders in nursing... Read More about Leading Quality and Safety on the Frontline – A Case Study of Department Leaders in Nursing Homes.

Target Product Profile for a Machine Learning–Automated Retinal Imaging Analysis Software for Use in English Diabetic Eye Screening: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study (2024)
Journal Article
Macdonald, T., Dinnes, J., Maniatopoulos, G., Taylor-Phillips, S., Shinkins, B., Hogg, J., Dunbar, J. K., Solebo, A. L., Sutton, H., Attwood, J., Pogose, M., Given-Wilson, R., Greaves, F., Macrae, C., Pearson, R., Bamford, D., Tufail, A., Liu, X., & Denniston, A. K. (2024). Target Product Profile for a Machine Learning–Automated Retinal Imaging Analysis Software for Use in English Diabetic Eye Screening: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 13(1), Article e50568. https://doi.org/10.2196/50568

Background: Diabetic eye screening (DES) represents a significant opportunity for the application of machine learning (ML) technologies, which may improve clinical and service outcomes. However, successful integration of ML into DES requires careful... Read More about Target Product Profile for a Machine Learning–Automated Retinal Imaging Analysis Software for Use in English Diabetic Eye Screening: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

Managing patient safety and staff safety in nursing homes: exploring how leaders of nursing homes negotiate their dual responsibilities—a case study (2024)
Journal Article
Magerøy, M. R., Macrae, C., Braut, G. S., & Wiig, S. (2024). Managing patient safety and staff safety in nursing homes: exploring how leaders of nursing homes negotiate their dual responsibilities—a case study. Frontiers in Health Services, 4, Article 1275743. https://doi.org/10.3389/frhs.2024.1275743

Objective: Within healthcare, the role of leader is becoming more complex, and healthcare leaders carry an increasing responsibility for the performance of employees, the experience and safety of patients and the quality of care provision. This study... Read More about Managing patient safety and staff safety in nursing homes: exploring how leaders of nursing homes negotiate their dual responsibilities—a case study.

Managing risk and resilience in autonomous and intelligent systems: Exploring safety in the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence in healthcare (2024)
Journal Article
Macrae, C. (2024). Managing risk and resilience in autonomous and intelligent systems: Exploring safety in the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence in healthcare. Risk Analysis, https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.14273

Autonomous and intelligent systems (AIS) are being developed and deployed across a wide range of sectors and encompass a variety of technologies designed to engage in different forms of independent reasoning and self‐directed behavior. These technolo... Read More about Managing risk and resilience in autonomous and intelligent systems: Exploring safety in the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence in healthcare.

Risk, the COVID-19 pandemic, and organizations: Extending, repurposing, and developing theory (2023)
Journal Article
Soane, E., Macrae, C., Flin, R., & Reader, T. W. (2023). Risk, the COVID-19 pandemic, and organizations: Extending, repurposing, and developing theory. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12461

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged and changed organisations. While the pandemic has brought opportunities for business in some sectors, such as information and communication, and for people who enjoy the flexibility they gain from home-based or hy... Read More about Risk, the COVID-19 pandemic, and organizations: Extending, repurposing, and developing theory.

Tracking the right path: Safety performance indicators as boundary objects in air ambulance services (2023)
Journal Article
Hayes, J., Slotsvik, T. N., Macrae, C., & Gould, K. A. P. (2023). Tracking the right path: Safety performance indicators as boundary objects in air ambulance services. Safety Science, 163, Article 106139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106139

Indicators are used by most organizations to track their safety performance. Research attention has been drawn to what makes for a good indicator (specific, proactive, etc.) and the sometimes perverse and unexpected consequences of their introduction... Read More about Tracking the right path: Safety performance indicators as boundary objects in air ambulance services.

Naming the “baby” or the “beast”? The importance of concepts and labels in healthcare safety investigation (2023)
Journal Article
Wiig, S., Macrae, C., Frich, J., & Øyri, S. F. (2023). Naming the “baby” or the “beast”? The importance of concepts and labels in healthcare safety investigation. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, Article 1087268. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1087268

This paper focuses on concepts and labels used in investigation of adverse events in healthcare. The aim is to prompt critical reflection of how different stakeholders frame investigative activity in healthcare and to discuss the implications of the... Read More about Naming the “baby” or the “beast”? The importance of concepts and labels in healthcare safety investigation.

Evaluating a system-wide, safety investigation in healthcare course in Norway: a qualitative study (2022)
Journal Article
Haraldseid-Driftland, C., MacRae, C., Guise, V., Schibevaag, L., Alsvik, J. G., Rosenberg, A., & Wiig, S. (2022). Evaluating a system-wide, safety investigation in healthcare course in Norway: a qualitative study. BMJ Open, 12(6), Article e058134. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058134

Objective and setting National, system-wide safety investigation represents a new approach to safety improvement in healthcare. In 2019, a new master's level course in Safety Investigation in Healthcare was established to support the training and dev... Read More about Evaluating a system-wide, safety investigation in healthcare course in Norway: a qualitative study.

Exploring the nature of adaptive capacity for resilience in healthcare across different healthcare contexts; a metasynthesis of narratives (2022)
Journal Article
Lyng, H. B., Macrae, C., Guise, V., Haraldseid-Driftland, C., Fagerdal, B., Schibevaag, L., Alsvik, J. G., & Wiig, S. (2022). Exploring the nature of adaptive capacity for resilience in healthcare across different healthcare contexts; a metasynthesis of narratives. Applied Ergonomics, 104, Article 103810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103810

Adaptive capacity has been described as instrumental for the development of resilience in healthcare. Yet, our theoretical understanding of adaptive capacity remains relatively underdeveloped. This research therefore aims at developing a new understa... Read More about Exploring the nature of adaptive capacity for resilience in healthcare across different healthcare contexts; a metasynthesis of narratives.

Capacities for resilience in healthcare; a qualitative study across different healthcare contexts (2022)
Journal Article
Lyng, H. B., Macrae, C., Guise, V., Haraldseid-Driftland, C., Fagerdal, B., Schibevaag, L., & Wiig, S. (2022). Capacities for resilience in healthcare; a qualitative study across different healthcare contexts. BMC Health Services Research, 22, Article 474. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07887-6

Background: Despite an emerging consensus on the importance of resilience as a framework for understanding the healthcare system, the operationalization of resilience in healthcare has become an area of continuous discussion, and especially so when s... Read More about Capacities for resilience in healthcare; a qualitative study across different healthcare contexts.

Toward Successful Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Practice: Protocol for a Research Program (2022)
Journal Article
Svedberg, P., Reed, J., Nilsen, P., Barlow, J., Macrae, C., & Nygren, J. (2022). Toward Successful Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Practice: Protocol for a Research Program. JMIR Research Protocols, 11(3), Article e34920. https://doi.org/10.2196/34920

Background: The uptake of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care is at an early stage. Recent studies have shown a lack of AI-specific implementation theories, models, or frameworks that could provide guidance for how to translate the potential... Read More about Toward Successful Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Practice: Protocol for a Research Program.

Learning from the failure of autonomous and intelligent systems: accidents, safety and sociotechnical sources of risk (2021)
Journal Article
Macrae, C. (2021). Learning from the failure of autonomous and intelligent systems: accidents, safety and sociotechnical sources of risk. Risk Analysis, 42(9), 1999-2025. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13850

Efforts to develop autonomous and intelligent systems (AIS) have exploded across a range of settings in recent years, from self-driving cars to medical diagnostic chatbots. These have the potential to bring enormous benefits to society but also have... Read More about Learning from the failure of autonomous and intelligent systems: accidents, safety and sociotechnical sources of risk.

Balancing adaptation and innovation for resilience in healthcare – a metasynthesis of narratives (2021)
Journal Article
Lyng, H. B., Macrae, C., Guise, V., Haraldseid-Driftland, C., Fagerdal, B., Schibevaag, L., Alsvik, J. G., & Wiig, S. (2021). Balancing adaptation and innovation for resilience in healthcare – a metasynthesis of narratives. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), Article 759. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06592-0

Adaptation and innovation are both described as instrumental for resilience in healthcare. However, the relatedness between these dimensions of resilience in healthcare has not yet been studied. This study seeks to develop a conceptual understanding... Read More about Balancing adaptation and innovation for resilience in healthcare – a metasynthesis of narratives.

From Blade Runners to Tin Kickers: what the governance of artificial intelligence safety needs to learn from air crash investigators (2021)
Journal Article
Macrae, C. (2023). From Blade Runners to Tin Kickers: what the governance of artificial intelligence safety needs to learn from air crash investigators. AI & Society, 38, 1971-1973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01246-5

What should we do when artificial intelligence (AI) goes wrong? AI has huge potential to improve the safety of societally critical systems, such as healthcare and transport, but it also has the potential to introduce new risks and amplify existing on... Read More about From Blade Runners to Tin Kickers: what the governance of artificial intelligence safety needs to learn from air crash investigators.

Investigating Hospital Supervision: A Case Study of Regulatory Inspectors’ Roles as Potential Co-creators of Resilience (2021)
Journal Article
Øyri, S. F., Braut, G. . S., Macrae, C., & Wiig, S. (2021). Investigating Hospital Supervision: A Case Study of Regulatory Inspectors’ Roles as Potential Co-creators of Resilience. Journal of Patient Safety, 17(2), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000000814

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore if, and in what ways, there has been changes in the supervisory approach towards Norwegian hospitals, due to implementation of a new management and quality improvement Regulation. Moreover, we aimed to... Read More about Investigating Hospital Supervision: A Case Study of Regulatory Inspectors’ Roles as Potential Co-creators of Resilience.

Hospital managers’ perspectives with implementing quality improvement measures and a new regulatory framework: a qualitative case study (2020)
Journal Article
Øyri, S. F., Braut, G. S., MacRae, C., & Wiig, S. (2020). Hospital managers’ perspectives with implementing quality improvement measures and a new regulatory framework: a qualitative case study. BMJ Open, 10(12), Article e042847. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042847

© A new regulatory framework to support local quality and safety efforts in hospitals was introduced to the Norwegian healthcare system in 2017. This study aimed to investigate hospital managers' perspectives on implementation efforts and the result... Read More about Hospital managers’ perspectives with implementing quality improvement measures and a new regulatory framework: a qualitative case study.

Defining adaptive capacity in healthcare: A new framework for researching resilient performance (2020)
Journal Article
Anderson, J., Ross, A. J., Macrae, C., & Wiig, S. (2020). Defining adaptive capacity in healthcare: A new framework for researching resilient performance. Applied Ergonomics, 87, Article 103111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103111

Resilience principles show promise for improving the quality of healthcare, but there is a need for further theoretical development to include all levels and scales of activity across the whole healthcare system. Many existing models based on enginee... Read More about Defining adaptive capacity in healthcare: A new framework for researching resilient performance.

Redesigning safety regulation in the NHS (2020)
Journal Article
Vincent, C., Oikonomou, E., Carthey, J., & Macrae, C. (2020). Redesigning safety regulation in the NHS. BMJ, 368, Article m760. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m760

Healthcare relies on a variety of regulatory activities to manage risks to the public and drive improvement. However, the regulation of patient safety in healthcare, and in the NHS in particular, is ‘bewildering in its complexity and prone to both ov... Read More about Redesigning safety regulation in the NHS.