The efficacy of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) immunization with the adjuvants Emulsigen® and the monomeric TLR5 ligand FliC in zebu cattle against AlHV-1 malignant catarrhal fever induced by experimental virus challenge

Lankester, Felix; Lugelo, Ahmed; Werling, Dirk; Mnyambwa, Nicholas; Keyyu, Julius; Kazwala, Rudovick; Grant, Dawn; Smith, Sarah; Parameswaran, Nevi; Cleaveland, Sarah; Russell, George; Haig, David

Abstract

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal disease of cattle that, in East Africa, follows contact with wildebeest excreting alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1). Recently an attenuated vaccine (atAlHV-1) was tested under experimental challenge on Friesian-Holstein (FH) cattle and gave a vaccine efficacy (VE) of approximately 90%. However testing under field conditions on an East African breed, the shorthorn zebu cross (SZC), gave a VE of 56% suggesting that FH and SZC cattle may respond differently to the vaccine. To investigate, a challenge trial was carried out using SZC. Additionally three adjuvant combinations were tested: (i) Emulsigen®, (ii) bacterial flagellin (FliC) and (iii) Emulsigen® + bacterial flagellin. We report 100% seroconversion in all immunized cattle. The group inoculated with atAlHV-1 + Emulsigen® had significantly higher antibody titres than groups inoculated with FliC, the smallest number of animals that became infected and the fewest fatalities, suggesting this was the most effective combination. A larger study is required to more accurately determine the protective effect of this regime in SZC. There was an apparent inhibition of the antibody response in cattle inoculated with atAlHV-1 + FliC, suggesting FliC might induce an immune suppressive mechanism. The VE in SZC (50–60%) was less than that in FH (80–90%). We speculate that this might be due to increased risk of disease in vaccinated SZC (suggesting that the vaccine may be less effective at stimulating an appropriate immune response in this breed) and/or increased survival in unvaccinated SZC (suggesting that these cattle may have a degree of prior immunity against infection with AlHV-1).

Citation

Lankester, F., Lugelo, A., Werling, D., Mnyambwa, N., Keyyu, J., Kazwala, R., Grant, D., Smith, S., Parameswaran, N., Cleaveland, S., Russell, G., & Haig, D. (2016). The efficacy of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) immunization with the adjuvants Emulsigen® and the monomeric TLR5 ligand FliC in zebu cattle against AlHV-1 malignant catarrhal fever induced by experimental virus challenge. Veterinary Microbiology, 195, 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.019

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Sep 22, 2016
• Online Publication Date: Sep 23, 2016
• Publication Date: Sep 15, 2016
• Deposit Date: Oct 25, 2016
• Publicly Available Date: Oct 25, 2016
• Journal: Veterinary Microbiology
• Print ISSN: 0378-1135
• Electronic ISSN: 1873-2542
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 195
• Pages: 144-153
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.019
• Keywords: Malignant catarrhal fever; alcelaphine herpesvirus-1; vaccine trial; wildebeest; adjuvant; bacterial flagellin
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/817607
• Publisher URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.019
• Additional Information: This article is maintained by: Elsevier; Article Title: The efficacy of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) immunization with the adjuvants Emulsigen® and the monomeric TLR5 ligand FliC in zebu cattle against AlHV-1 malignant catarrhal fever induced by experimental virus challenge; Journal Title: Veterinary Microbiology; CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.019; Content Type: article; Copyright: Crown Copyright © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
• Contract Date: Oct 25, 2016