The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone

Robles-Linares, Jose A.; Winter, Kieran; Liao, Zhirong

Abstract

Bone cutting is of importance in orthopaedic surgery but is also challenging due to its nature of brittleness—where severe mechanical and thermal damages can be introduced easily in conventional machining. Laser machining is a new technology that can allow for complex cut geometries whilst minimising surface defects i.e., smearing, which occur in mechanical methods. However, comparative studies on the influence of lasers with different pulse characteristics on necrotic damage and surface integrity have not been reported yet. This paper for the first time investigates the effects of laser type on the necrotic damage and surface integrity in fresh bovine cortical bone after ex-situ laser machining. Three lasers of different pulse widths, i.e., picosecond, nanosecond and continuous wave lasers have been investigated with different feed speeds tested to study the machining efficiency. The cutting temperature, and geometrical outputs have been measured to investigate the thermal influence on the cooling behaviour of the bone samples while high-speed imaging was used to compare the material removal mechanisms between a pulsed and continuous wave laser. Furthermore, an in-depth histological analysis of the subsurface has revealed that the nanosecond laser caused the largest necrotic depth, owing to the high pulse frequency limiting the dissipation of heat. It has also been observed that surface cracks positioned perpendicular to the trench direction were produced after machining by the picosecond laser, indicative of the photomechanical effect induced by plasma explosions. Therefore, the choice of laser type (i.e., in terms of its pulse width and frequency) needs to be critically considered for appropriate application during laser osteotomy with minimum damage and improved healing.

Citation

Robles-Linares, J. A., Winter, K., & Liao, Z. (2022). The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 35(1), Article 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00740-1

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 26, 2022
• Online Publication Date: May 20, 2022
• Publication Date: May 20, 2022
• Deposit Date: May 22, 2022
• Publicly Available Date: May 27, 2022
• Journal: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering
• Print ISSN: 1000-9345
• Electronic ISSN: 2192-8258
• Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 35
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: 52
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00740-1
• Keywords: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering; Mechanical Engineering
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/8138886
• Publisher URL: https://cjme.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10033-022-00740-1
• Additional Information: Received: 23 June 2021; Revised: 2 March 2022; Accepted: 26 April 2022; First Online: 20 May 2022; : The authors declare no competing financial interests.