Disentangling age and schooling effects on inhibitory control development: An fNIRS investigation

McKay, Courtney; Wijeakumar, Sobanawartiny; Rafetseder, Eva; Shing, Yee Lee

Abstract

Children show marked improvements in executive functioning (EF) between 4 and 7years of age. In many societies, this time period coincides with the start of formal school education, in which children are required to follow rules in a structured environment, drawing heavily on EF processes such as inhibitory control. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal development of two aspects of inhibitory control, namely response inhibition and response monitoring and their neural correlates. Specifically, we examined how their longitudinal development may differ by schooling experience, and their potential significance in predicting academic outcomes. Longitudinal data were collected in two groups of children at their homes. At T1, all children were roughly 4.5 years of age and neither group had attended formal schooling. One year later at T2, one group (P1, n=40) had completed one full year of schooling while the other group (KG, n=40) had stayed in kindergarten. Behavioural and brain activation data (measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS) in response to a Go/No-Go task and measures of academic achievement were collected. We found that P1 children, compared to KG children, showed a greater change over time in activation related to response monitoring in the bilateral frontal cortex. The change in left frontal activation difference showed a small positive association with math performance. Overall, the school environment is important in shaping the development of the brain functions underlying the monitoring of one own's performance.

Citation

McKay, C., Wijeakumar, S., Rafetseder, E., & Shing, Y. L. (2022). Disentangling age and schooling effects on inhibitory control development: An fNIRS investigation. Developmental Science, 25(5), Article e13205. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13205

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 19, 2021
• Online Publication Date: Dec 5, 2021
• Publication Date: 2022-09
• Deposit Date: Dec 8, 2021
• Publicly Available Date: Dec 23, 2021
• Journal: Developmental Science
• Print ISSN: 1363-755X
• Electronic ISSN: 1467-7687
• Publisher: Wiley
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 25
• Issue: 5
• Article Number: e13205
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13205
• Keywords: Cognitive Neuroscience; Developmental and Educational Psychology
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/6912630
• Publisher URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/desc.13205