Autistic Adults' Experiences of Camouflaging and Its Perceived Impact on Mental Health

Bradley, Louise; Shaw, Rebecca; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Cassidy, Sarah

Abstract

Background: Camouflaging (also referred to as “masking”) is a commonly reported strategy used by autistic adults in everyday life to help them cope in social situations. Autistic adults report that camouflaging can have a devastating effect on mental health and well-being, yet little is known about the lived experiences of camouflaging and its impact.

Methods: We designed an online survey in partnership with autistic adults, to explore the experiences of camouflaging and its impact on mental health. Participants self-reported the lifetime experience of camouflaging, where they camouflaged the frequency and length of time spent camouflaging. Four open questions allowed participants to elaborate their answers to the closed questions on frequency and length of time, and subsequently any positive and negative aspects of their experience of camouflaging. Two hundred seventy-seven autistic adults who self-reported a diagnosis of an autism spectrum condition (128 female, 78 male) or self-identified as autistic (56 female, 15 male) were included in the analysis of qualitative responses to the open-ended questions.

Findings: We thematically analyzed participant answers from the open questions. Three main themes emerged. First, “dangers of camouflaging” described how the amount of time spent camouflaging led to exhaustion, isolation, poor mental and physical health, loss of identity and acceptance of self, others' unreal perceptions and expectations, and delayed diagnosis. Second, “positive aspects of camouflaging” included greater access to social spaces, and protection from harm. Camouflaging was, therefore, seen as necessary to survive in a world designed for the neurotypical majority. Third, autistic adults described being diagnosed and accepted for who they are as reasons for “why I don't need to camouflage like I used to.”

Conclusions: Time spent camouflaging is what seems to be most damaging for the participants' mental health. The main reason reported for needing to spend so much time camouflaging is society's lack of awareness and acceptance of autism.

Citation

Bradley, L., Shaw, R., Baron-Cohen, S., & Cassidy, S. (2021). Autistic Adults' Experiences of Camouflaging and Its Perceived Impact on Mental Health. Autism in Adulthood, 3(4), 320–329. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0071

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 8, 2021
• Online Publication Date: Jun 3, 2021
• Publication Date: 2021-12
• Deposit Date: Apr 30, 2021
• Publicly Available Date: Jun 3, 2021
• Journal: Autism in Adulthood
• Print ISSN: 2573-9581
• Electronic ISSN: 2573-959X
• Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 3
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 320–329
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0071
• Keywords: Autism; experiences; camouflaging; masking; mental health; qualitative research
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/5503950
• Publisher URL: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/aut.2020.0071