A systematic review exploring perceptions of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders using the common-sense model of illness representations

Petter, Charlotte; Khan, Kareem; Babbage, Camilla; Davies, E. Bethan

Abstract

Objective
Tic disorders (TDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterised by tics and typically appear during childhood. The Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM) provides a useful theoretical framework for understanding health beliefs in people with TDs – and parents’ beliefs given ‘shared’ illness experiences between child and parent. Exploring health beliefs in adults can also provide insight as to how TD-related beliefs may evolve over time. This systematic review aimed to use the CSM to synthesise findings from published studies exploring illness perceptions in people with TDs and parents.

Methods
Six databases were searched for studies reporting findings assessing perceptions and beliefs of TDs that aligned with ≥1 CSM illness representation dimension. Forty-four studies were eligible and narratively synthesised.

Results
The evidence particularly highlights the negative consequences of TDs upon employment opportunities, schooling and education, social lives and relationships – with experiences of stigma and discrimination weaving throughout these consequences. Findings from several studies reflecting emotional responses report feelings of self-consciousness, abnormality, and anxiety arising from TDs.

Conclusion
Findings have identified potential implications for research and practice, including identifying TD-related knowledge and beliefs that could be addressed through psychoeducation, and physiological and psychological outcomes which could be addressed through appropriate interventions.

Protocol registration
PROSPERO CRD42023446800

Citation

Petter, C., Khan, K., Babbage, C., & Davies, E. B. (2025). A systematic review exploring perceptions of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders using the common-sense model of illness representations. Psychology and Health, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2025.2502515

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Mar 12, 2025
• Online Publication Date: May 14, 2025
• Publication Date: May 14, 2025
• Deposit Date: May 15, 2025
• Publicly Available Date: May 15, 2025
• Journal: Psychology and Health
• Print ISSN: 0887-0446
• Electronic ISSN: 1476-8321
• Publisher: Routledge
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Pages: 1-34
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2025.2502515
• Keywords: Tourette syndrome; tic disorders; systematic review; illness perceptions; illness beliefs
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/48989062
• Publisher URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08870446.2025.2502515