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Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 S and N Protein Peptide and Cytokine Combinations as Biomarkers for Early Prediction of Fatal COVID-19

Martynova, Ekaterina; Hamza, Shaimaa; Markelova, Maria; Garanina, Ekaterina; Davidyuk, Yuriy; Shakirova, Venera; Kaushal, Neha; Baranwal, Manoj; Stott-Marshall, Robert J.; Foster, Toshana L.; Rizvanov, Albert; Khaiboullina, Svetlana

Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 S and N Protein Peptide and Cytokine Combinations as Biomarkers for Early Prediction of Fatal COVID-19 Thumbnail


Authors

Ekaterina Martynova

Shaimaa Hamza

Maria Markelova

Ekaterina Garanina

Yuriy Davidyuk

Venera Shakirova

Neha Kaushal

Manoj Baranwal

Albert Rizvanov

Svetlana Khaiboullina



Abstract

Early indications of the likelihood of severe coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 can influence treatments and could improve clinical outcomes. However, knowledge on the prediction markers of COVID-19 fatality risks remains limited. Here, we analyzed and quantified the reactivity of serum samples from acute (non-fatal and fatal) and convalescent COVID-19 patients with the spike surface glycoprotein (S protein) and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N protein) SARS-CoV-2 peptide libraries. Cytokine activation was also analyzed. We demonstrated that IgM from fatal COVID-19 serum reacted with several N protein peptides. In contrast, IgM from non-fatal serum reacted more with S protein peptides. Further, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in fatal COVID-19 serum compared to non-fatal. Many of these cytokines were pro-inflammatory and chemokines. Differences in IgG reactivity from fatal and non-fatal COVID-19 sera were also demonstrated. Additionally, the longitudinal analysis of IgG reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 S and N protein identified peptides with the highest longevity in humoral immune response. Finally, using IgM antibody reactivity with S and N SARS-CoV-2 peptides and selected cytokines, we have identified a panel of biomarkers specific to patients with a higher risk of fatal COVID-19 compared with that of patients who survive. This panel could be used for the early prediction of COVID-19 fatality risk.

Citation

Martynova, E., Hamza, S., Markelova, M., Garanina, E., Davidyuk, Y., Shakirova, V., Kaushal, N., Baranwal, M., Stott-Marshall, R. J., Foster, T. L., Rizvanov, A., & Khaiboullina, S. (2022). Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 S and N Protein Peptide and Cytokine Combinations as Biomarkers for Early Prediction of Fatal COVID-19. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, Article .830715. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.830715

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Feb 14, 2022
Online Publication Date Mar 21, 2022
Publication Date Mar 21, 2022
Deposit Date Mar 17, 2025
Publicly Available Date Mar 17, 2025
Journal Frontiers in Immunology
Electronic ISSN 1664-3224
Publisher Frontiers Media
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 13
Article Number .830715
DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.830715
Keywords peptide, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, fatal, cytokine
Public URL https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/46730129
Publisher URL https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.830715/full

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Publisher Licence URL
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Copyright Statement
Copyright © 2022 Martynova, Hamza, Markelova, Garanina, Davidyuk, Shakirova, Kaushal, Baranwal, Stott-Marshall, Foster, Rizvanov and Khaiboullina. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.





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