Do sounds near the hand facilitate tactile reaction times? Four experiments and a meta-analysis provide mixed support and suggest a small effect-size

Holmes, Nicholas Paul; Martin, Dennis; Mitchell, William; Noorani, Zeeshan; Thorne, Amber

Abstract

The brain represents the space immediately surrounding the body differently to more distant parts of space. Direct evidence for this ‘peripersonal space’ representation comes from neurophysiological studies in monkeys, which show distance-dependent responses to visual stimuli in neurons with spatially-coincident tactile responses. Most evidence for peripersonal space in humans is indirect: spatial- and distance-dependent modulations of reaction times and error rates in behavioural tasks. In one task often used to assess peripersonal space, sounds near the body have been argued to speed reactions to tactile stimuli. We conducted four experiments attempting to measure this distance-dependent audio-tactile interaction. We found no distance-dependent enhancement of tactile processing in error rates or task performance, but found some evidence for a general speeding of reaction times by 9.5ms when sounds were presented near the hand. Systematic review revealed an over-estimation of reported effect-sizes, lack of control conditions, a wide variety of methods, post-hoc removal of data, and flexible methods of data analysis. After correcting for the speed of sound, removing biased or inconclusive studies, correcting for temporal expectancy, and using the trim-and-fill method to correct for publication bias, meta-analysis revealed an overall benefit of 15.2ms when tactile stimuli are accompanied by near sounds compared to sounds further away. While this effect may be due to peripersonal space, response probability and the number of trials per condition explained significant proportions of variance in this near versus far benefit. These confounds need to be addressed, and alternative explanations ruled out by future, ideally pre-registered, studies.

Citation

Holmes, N. P., Martin, D., Mitchell, W., Noorani, Z., & Thorne, A. (2020). Do sounds near the hand facilitate tactile reaction times? Four experiments and a meta-analysis provide mixed support and suggest a small effect-size. Experimental Brain Research, 238, 995–1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05771-5

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Mar 4, 2020
• Online Publication Date: Mar 19, 2020
• Publication Date: Apr 1, 2020
• Deposit Date: May 20, 2020
• Publicly Available Date: Jun 1, 2020
• Journal: Experimental Brain Research
• Print ISSN: 0014-4819
• Electronic ISSN: 1432-1106
• Publisher: Springer Verlag
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 238
• Pages: 995–1009
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05771-5
• Keywords: Reaction time; multisensory; Go/NoGo; audition; touch; vibrotactile
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/4082924
• Publisher URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00221-020-05771-5