GEORGINA HOPKINS Georgina.Hopkins@nottingham.ac.uk
Research Fellow
Lower Humoral and Cellular Immunity Following Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Compared to Symptomatic Infection in Education (The ACE Cohort)
Hopkins, Georgina; Gomez, Nancy; Tucis, Davis; Bartlett, Laura; Steers, Graham; Burns, Ellie; Brown, Michaela; Harvey-Cowlishaw, Tyler; Santos, Rute; Lauder, Sarah N; Scurr, Martin; Capitani, Lorenzo; Burnell, Stephanie; Rees, Tara; Smart, Kathryn; Somerville, Michelle; Gallimore, Awen; Perera, Marianne; Potts, Martin; Metaxaki, Marina; Krishna, Benjamin; Jackson, Hannah; Tighe, Paddy; Onion, David; Godkin, Andrew; Wills, Mark; Fairclough, Lucy
Authors
NANCY GOMEZ Nancy.Gomez1@nottingham.ac.uk
Research Fellow
Davis Tucis
Laura Bartlett
Graham Steers
Ellie Burns
Michaela Brown
Tyler Harvey-Cowlishaw
Rute Santos
Sarah N Lauder
Martin Scurr
Lorenzo Capitani
Stephanie Burnell
Tara Rees
Kathryn Smart
Michelle Somerville
Awen Gallimore
Marianne Perera
Martin Potts
Marina Metaxaki
Benjamin Krishna
Hannah Jackson
Paddy Tighe
Dr DAVID ONION david.onion@nottingham.ac.uk
Advanced Technical Specialist (Flow Cytometry)
Andrew Godkin
Mark Wills
LUCY FAIRCLOUGH LUCY.FAIRCLOUGH@NOTTINGHAM.AC.UK
Professor of Immunology
Abstract
Purpose
Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections were widely reported during the COVID-19 pandemic, acting as a hidden source of infection. Many existing studies investigating asymptomatic immunity failed to recruit true asymptomatic individuals. Thus, we conducted a longitudinal cohort study to evaluate humoral- and cell-mediated responses to infection and vaccination in well-defined asymptomatic young adults (the Asymptomatic COVID-19 in Education [ACE] cohort).
Methods
Asymptomatic testing services located at three UK universities identified asymptomatic young adults who were subsequently recruited with age- and sex-matched symptomatic and uninfected controls. Blood and saliva samples were collected after SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan infection, and again after vaccination. 51 participant’s anti-spike antibody titres, neutralizing antibodies, and spike-specific T-cell responses were measured, against both Wuhan and Omicron B.1.1.529.1.
Results
Asymptomatic participants exhibited reduced Wuhan-specific neutralization antibodies pre- and post-vaccination, as well as fewer Omicron-specific neutralization antibodies post-vaccination, compared to symptomatic participants. Lower Wuhan and Omicron-specific IgG titres in asymptomatic individuals were also observed pre- and post-vaccination, compared to symptomatic participants. There were no differences in salivary IgA levels. Conventional flow cytometry analysis and multi-dimensional clustering analysis indicated unvaccinated asymptomatic participants had significantly fewer Wuhan-specific IL-2 secreting CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells and activated CD8+ T cells than symptomatic participants, though these differences dissipated after vaccination.
Conclusions
Asymptomatic infection results in decreased antibody and T cell responses to further exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants, compared to symptomatic infection. Post-vaccination, antibody responses are still inferior, but T cell immunity increases to match symptomatic subjects, emphasising the importance of vaccination to help protect asymptomatic individuals against future variants.
Citation
Hopkins, G., Gomez, N., Tucis, D., Bartlett, L., Steers, G., Burns, E., Brown, M., Harvey-Cowlishaw, T., Santos, R., Lauder, S. N., Scurr, M., Capitani, L., Burnell, S., Rees, T., Smart, K., Somerville, M., Gallimore, A., Perera, M., Potts, M., Metaxaki, M., …Fairclough, L. (2024). Lower Humoral and Cellular Immunity Following Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Compared to Symptomatic Infection in Education (The ACE Cohort). Journal of Clinical Immunology, 44(6), Article 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-024-01739-0
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | May 20, 2024 |
Online Publication Date | Jun 10, 2024 |
Publication Date | 2024-08 |
Deposit Date | Aug 6, 2024 |
Publicly Available Date | Aug 20, 2024 |
Journal | Journal of Clinical Immunology |
Print ISSN | 0271-9142 |
Electronic ISSN | 1573-2592 |
Publisher | Springer Verlag |
Peer Reviewed | Peer Reviewed |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 6 |
Article Number | 147 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-024-01739-0 |
Keywords | Asymptomatic, Symptomatic, Antibody, SARS-CoV-2, T cells, Vaccination |
Public URL | https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/36280445 |
Publisher URL | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10875-024-01739-0 |
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Lower Humoral and Cellular Immunity Following Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Compared to Symptomatic Infection in Education (The ACE Cohort)
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Copyright Statement
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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