Mid-infrared water pollutant sensor based on SPR-PCF

Gamal, Yusuf; Younis, B. M.; Abd-Elkader, Ahmed El-Sayed; Furniss, David; Farries, Mark; Phang, Sendy; Benson, Trevor M.; Seddon, Angela B.; Hameed, Mohamed Farhat O.; Obayya, S. S. A.

Abstract

In this paper, a highly sensitive water pollutant optical sensor is proposed and analyzed. The suggested sensor consists of photonic crystal fiber with a core surrounded by four elliptical holes infiltrated with the studied analyte (pure/polluted water sample). In addition, two gold nanorods are mounted horizontally at the inner surfaces of two horizontal elliptical holes. The proposed sensor can efficiently detect dissolved pollutants in water such as nitric acid (HNO3) with concentrations of 14, 23 and 35% and H2O2 with concentrations of 7, 15 and 30%. The dissolved pollutants in water (analyte) have refractive indices (RIs) in the range of 1.350–1.355 in the mid infrared regime from λ = 2200 nm to λ = 3500 nm. A fully vectorial finite element method (FVFEM) is employed for the modal analysis of the reported structure. The geometrical parameters are studied to maximize the RI sensitivity where a high sensitivity of 36,000 nm/RIU is achieved between the studied RIs of 1.350 and 1.355. The obtained RI sensitivity is higher than those of the recent reported sensors in the literature especially those operating in the mid infrared wavelengths.

Citation

Gamal, Y., Younis, B. M., Abd-Elkader, A. E.-S., Furniss, D., Farries, M., Phang, S., Benson, T. M., Seddon, A. B., Hameed, M. F. O., & Obayya, S. S. A. (2023). Mid-infrared water pollutant sensor based on SPR-PCF. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 55(11), Article 966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05207-8

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jul 20, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Sep 2, 2023
• Publication Date: 2023-11
• Deposit Date: Sep 5, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Sep 12, 2023
• Journal: Optical and Quantum Electronics
• Print ISSN: 0306-8919
• Electronic ISSN: 1572-817X
• Publisher: Springer Verlag
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 55
• Issue: 11
• Article Number: 966
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05207-8
• Keywords: Water pollutants, Photonic crystal fibres, Mid infrared, Optical sensor, Surface plasmon
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/25057077
• Additional Information: Received: 9 May 2023; Accepted: 20 July 2023; First Online: 2 September 2023; : ; : The authors would like to clarify that there are no financial/non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.; : The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this article.