Using mobile health technology to assess childhood autism in low-resource community settings in India: An innovation to address the detection gap

Dubey, Indu; Bishain, Rahul; Dasgupta, Jayashree; Bhavnani, Supriya; Belmonte, Matthew K.; Gliga, Teodora; Mukherjee, Debarati; Lockwood Estrin, Georgia; Johnson, Mark H.; Chandran, Sharat; Patel, Vikram; Gulati, Sheffali; Divan, Gauri; Chakrabarti, Bhismadev

Abstract

A diagnosis of autism typically depends on clinical assessments by highly trained professionals. This high resource demand poses a challenge in low-resource settings. Digital assessment of neurodevelopmental symptoms by non-specialists provides a potential avenue to address this challenge. This cross-sectional case-control field study establishes proof of principle for such a digital assessment. We developed and tested an app, START, that can be administered by non-specialists to assess autism phenotypic domains (social, sensory, motor) through child performance and parent reports. N = 131 children (2–7 years old; 48 autistic, 43 intellectually disabled and 40 non-autistic typically developing) from low-resource settings in Delhi-NCR, India were assessed using START in home settings by non-specialist health workers. The two groups of children with neurodevelopmental disorders manifested lower social preference, greater sensory interest and lower fine-motor accuracy compared to their typically developing counterparts. Parent report further distinguished autistic from non-autistic children. Machine-learning analysis combining all START-derived measures demonstrated 78% classification accuracy for the three groups. Qualitative analysis of the interviews with health workers and families of the participants demonstrated high acceptability and feasibility of the app. These results provide feasibility, acceptability and proof of principle for START, and demonstrate the potential of a scalable, mobile tool for assessing neurodevelopmental conditions in low-resource settings. Lay abstract: Autism is diagnosed by highly trained professionals– but most autistic people live in parts of the world that harbour few or no such autism specialists and little autism awareness. So many autistic people go undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, and misunderstood. We designed an app (START) to identify autism and related conditions in such places, in an attempt to address this global gap in access to specialists. START uses computerised games and activities for children and a questionnaire for parents to measure social, sensory, and motor skills. To check whether START can flag undiagnosed children likely to have neurodevelopmental conditions, we tested START with children whose diagnoses already were known: Non-specialist health workers with just a high-school education took START to family homes in poor neighbourhoods of Delhi, India to work with 131 two-to-seven-year-olds. Differences between typically and atypically developing children were highlighted in all three types of skills that START assesses: children with neurodevelopmental conditions preferred looking at geometric patterns rather than social scenes, were fascinated by predictable, repetitive sensory stimuli, and had more trouble with precise hand movements. Parents’ responses to surveys further distinguished autistic from non-autistic children. An artificial-intelligence technique combining all these measures demonstrated that START can fairly accurately flag atypically developing children. Health workers and families endorsed START as attractive to most children, understandable to health workers, and adaptable within sometimes chaotic home and family environments. This study provides a proof of principle for START in digital screening of autism and related conditions in community settings.

Citation

Dubey, I., Bishain, R., Dasgupta, J., Bhavnani, S., Belmonte, M. K., Gliga, T., …Chakrabarti, B. (2024). Using mobile health technology to assess childhood autism in low-resource community settings in India: An innovation to address the detection gap. Autism, 28(3), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613231182801

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: May 31, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Jul 17, 2023
• Publication Date: 2024-03
• Deposit Date: Jul 20, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Jul 20, 2023
• Journal: Autism
• Print ISSN: 1362-3613
• Electronic ISSN: 1461-7005
• Publisher: SAGE Publications
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 28
• Issue: 3
• Pages: 755–769
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613231182801
• Keywords: Autism, digital health, global, LMIC
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/23216045
• Publisher URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13623613231182801