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Circuits and Antennas Incorporating Gallium-Based Liquid Metal

Wu, Yi-Wen; Alkaraki, Shaker; Tang, Shi-Yang; Wang, Yi; Kelly, James R.

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Authors

Yi-Wen Wu

Shi-Yang Tang

Yi Wang

James R. Kelly



Abstract

This article reviews the application and technology advancement of gallium (Ga)-based liquid metal (LM) in high-frequency circuits and antennas. It discusses the material properties of common LMs, the fluidic channels used to contain LM and their manufacturing techniques, and the actuation techniques, which are all critical for the design and implementation of LM-based devices. LM’s fluidic and pliable nature, together with its excellent electrical, thermal, and rheological (i.e., fluid flow) properties, provides some unique and innovative solutions to flexible/wearable electronics, reconfigurable circuits, and antennas. This article provides a comprehensive review of a wide range of LM-enabled high-frequency circuits and antennas, including interconnects and transitions, reconfigurable passive circuits (such as resonators, filters, and couplers), switches, phase shifters, reconfigurable antennas, flexible and wearable antennas, and metamaterials (i.e., periodic materials with properties not found in nature). This article presents various design concepts and implementation techniques, highlights key capabilities, and discusses the challenges and opportunities with the use of Ga-based LM materials.

Citation

Wu, Y.-W., Alkaraki, S., Tang, S.-Y., Wang, Y., & Kelly, J. R. (2023). Circuits and Antennas Incorporating Gallium-Based Liquid Metal. Proceedings of the IEEE, 111(8), 955-977. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2023.3285400

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Jun 6, 2023
Online Publication Date Jun 26, 2023
Publication Date 2023-08
Deposit Date Aug 17, 2023
Publicly Available Date Aug 18, 2023
Journal Proceedings of the IEEE
Print ISSN 0018-9219
Electronic ISSN 1558-2256
Publisher Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 111
Issue 8
Pages 955-977
DOI https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2023.3285400
Keywords Antennas, liquid metal, microfluidic channels, reconfigurable circuits, Metals , Electric potential , Antennas , Liquids , Gallium , Surface tension , Electrodes
Public URL https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/22356306
Publisher URL https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10163953

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