The interaction between viral and environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

Tarlinton, Rachael; Khaibullin, Timur; Granatov, Evgenii; Martynova, Ekaterina; Rizvanov, Albert; Khaiboullina, Svetlana

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating inflammatory disease of unknown ethology targeting the central nervous system (CNS). MS has a polysymptomatic onset and is usually first diagnosed between the ages of 20–40 years. The pathology of the disease is characterized by immune mediated demyelination in the CNS. Although there is no clinical finding unique to MS, characteristic symptoms include sensory symptoms visual and motor impairment. No definitive trigger for the development of MS has been identified but large-scale population studies have described several epidemiological risk factors for the disease. This list is a confusing one including latitude, vitamin D (vitD) levels, genetics, infection with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and endogenous retrovirus (ERV) reactivation. This review will look at the evidence for each of these and the potential links between these disparate risk factors and the known molecular disease pathogenesis to describe potential hypotheses for the triggering of MS pathology.

Citation

Tarlinton, R., Khaibullin, T., Granatov, E., Martynova, E., Rizvanov, A., & Khaiboullina, S. (2019). The interaction between viral and environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020303

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jan 10, 2019
• Online Publication Date: Jan 14, 2019
• Publication Date: Jan 14, 2019
• Deposit Date: Jan 23, 2019
• Publicly Available Date: Jan 23, 2019
• Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
• Print ISSN: 1661-6596
• Electronic ISSN: 1422-0067
• Publisher: MDPI
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 20
• Issue: 2
• Article Number: 303
• Pages: 1-16
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020303
• Keywords: cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL); multiple sclerosis; central nervous system (CNS); Epstein Barr Virus (EBV); HERV
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1491930
• Publisher URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/2/303