Natalia Stanulewicz
PAID-11: a brief measure of diabetes distress vaildated in adults with type 1 diabetes
Stanulewicz, Natalia; Mansell, Peter; Cooke, Debbie; Hopkins, David; Speight, Jane; Blake, Holly
Authors
Peter Mansell
Debbie Cooke
David Hopkins
Jane Speight
HOLLY BLAKE holly.blake@nottingham.ac.uk
Professor of Behavioural Medicine
Abstract
Objective: The Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire is widely used to assess emotional distress related to living with diabetes, although it is lengthy for routine clinical use. Our aim was to determine whether the original 20-item PAID questionnaire can be abbreviated, whilst maintaining its reliability, validity and utility.
Methods: We analysed data from the UK DAFNE (Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating) education programme for adults with Type 1 diabetes. Data were analysed at baseline (n=1547) and 1-year post intervention (n=846). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal axis factoring method was used to examine PAID responses within a random half of the baseline data (n=746). Then, two confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted using the remaining baseline (n=801) and 1-year data. Reliability, predictive validity, convergent validity and responsiveness were also examined.
Results: Based on the EFA results, which were corroborated by CFA, an 11-item PAID questionnaire was identified with a cut-off score of 18 indicating severe diabetes distress. In the current sample, this brief version has high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=.93). Predictive validity was demonstrated with the PAID-11 identifying severe diabetes distress from the original 20-item measure, with 95% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Convergent validity was demonstrated by strong positive correlations with HADS anxiety and depressive symptoms (average r=.65 and r=.55, respectively), while divergent validity was shown with weaker correlations with EQ5D health status (average r=.37).
Conclusions: Based on present results, PAID-11 appears to be a valid and reliable measure, which seems suitable for use as a brief tool for the detection of diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes. Importantly, this tool may reduce participant burden in multi-measure studies. However, further studies are urgently needed to determine the validity and utility of PAID-11 beyond the UK DAFNE population.
Citation
Stanulewicz, N., Mansell, P., Cooke, D., Hopkins, D., Speight, J., & Blake, H. (2019). PAID-11: a brief measure of diabetes distress vaildated in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 149, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.026
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | Jan 21, 2019 |
Online Publication Date | Jan 30, 2019 |
Publication Date | Mar 1, 2019 |
Deposit Date | Jan 22, 2019 |
Publicly Available Date | Jan 30, 2019 |
Journal | Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice |
Print ISSN | 0168-8227 |
Electronic ISSN | 1872-8227 |
Publisher | Elsevier |
Peer Reviewed | Peer Reviewed |
Volume | 149 |
Pages | 27-38 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.026 |
Keywords | Diabetes; Emotional distress; Screening tool; Questionnaire; Reliability; Validity |
Public URL | https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1487854 |
Publisher URL | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822718312890?via%3Dihub |
Additional Information | This article is maintained by: Elsevier; Article Title: PAID-11: A brief measure of diabetes distress validated in adults with type 1 diabetes; Journal Title: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice; CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.026; Content Type: article; Copyright: © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
Contract Date | Jan 22, 2019 |
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