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PAID-11: a brief measure of diabetes distress vaildated in adults with type 1 diabetes

Stanulewicz, Natalia; Mansell, Peter; Cooke, Debbie; Hopkins, David; Speight, Jane; Blake, Holly

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Authors

Natalia Stanulewicz

Peter Mansell

Debbie Cooke

David Hopkins

Jane Speight

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HOLLY BLAKE holly.blake@nottingham.ac.uk
Professor of Behavioural Medicine



Abstract

Objective: The Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire is widely used to assess emotional distress related to living with diabetes, although it is lengthy for routine clinical use. Our aim was to determine whether the original 20-item PAID questionnaire can be abbreviated, whilst maintaining its reliability, validity and utility.

Methods: We analysed data from the UK DAFNE (Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating) education programme for adults with Type 1 diabetes. Data were analysed at baseline (n=1547) and 1-year post intervention (n=846). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal axis factoring method was used to examine PAID responses within a random half of the baseline data (n=746). Then, two confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted using the remaining baseline (n=801) and 1-year data. Reliability, predictive validity, convergent validity and responsiveness were also examined.

Results: Based on the EFA results, which were corroborated by CFA, an 11-item PAID questionnaire was identified with a cut-off score of 18 indicating severe diabetes distress. In the current sample, this brief version has high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=.93). Predictive validity was demonstrated with the PAID-11 identifying severe diabetes distress from the original 20-item measure, with 95% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Convergent validity was demonstrated by strong positive correlations with HADS anxiety and depressive symptoms (average r=.65 and r=.55, respectively), while divergent validity was shown with weaker correlations with EQ5D health status (average r=.37).
Conclusions: Based on present results, PAID-11 appears to be a valid and reliable measure, which seems suitable for use as a brief tool for the detection of diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes. Importantly, this tool may reduce participant burden in multi-measure studies. However, further studies are urgently needed to determine the validity and utility of PAID-11 beyond the UK DAFNE population.

Citation

Stanulewicz, N., Mansell, P., Cooke, D., Hopkins, D., Speight, J., & Blake, H. (2019). PAID-11: a brief measure of diabetes distress vaildated in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 149, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.026

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Jan 21, 2019
Online Publication Date Jan 30, 2019
Publication Date Mar 1, 2019
Deposit Date Jan 22, 2019
Publicly Available Date Mar 29, 2024
Journal Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Print ISSN 0168-8227
Electronic ISSN 1872-8227
Publisher Elsevier
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 149
Pages 27-38
DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.026
Keywords Diabetes; Emotional distress; Screening tool; Questionnaire; Reliability; Validity
Public URL https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1487854
Publisher URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822718312890?via%3Dihub
Additional Information This article is maintained by: Elsevier; Article Title: PAID-11: A brief measure of diabetes distress validated in adults with type 1 diabetes; Journal Title: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice; CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.026; Content Type: article; Copyright: © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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