Outputs (78)

On Face Value: A Ghost Driver Field Study Investigating Interactions Between Pedestrians and a Driverless Vehicle with Anthropomorphic Displays (2025)
Journal Article
Large, D., Harvey, C., Hallewell, M., Li, X., & Burnett, G. (2025). On Face Value: A Ghost Driver Field Study Investigating Interactions Between Pedestrians and a Driverless Vehicle with Anthropomorphic Displays. Ergonomics, https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2025.2454927

In a novel, on-road study, using a ‘Ghost Driver’ to emulate an automated vehicle (AV), we captured over 10 hours of video (n=520) and 64 survey responses documenting the behaviour and attitudes of pedestrians in response to the AV. Three prototype e... Read More about On Face Value: A Ghost Driver Field Study Investigating Interactions Between Pedestrians and a Driverless Vehicle with Anthropomorphic Displays.

Two For The Road: An Exploratory Study Investigating Driver and Co-Passenger Interactions during Automation and the Transition of Control in a Level 3 Automated Vehicle (2024)
Journal Article
Large, D., Harvey, C., Shaw, E., Khandeparker, S., Burnett, G., & Box, E. (in press). Two For The Road: An Exploratory Study Investigating Driver and Co-Passenger Interactions during Automation and the Transition of Control in a Level 3 Automated Vehicle. Advances in Transportation Studies, 66, 125-144

To explore the impact of a front-seat passenger during SAE level 3 (L3) automation, eighteen established driver-passenger pairings undertook three 30-minute journeys framed as ‘days-out’ in a L3 driving simulator. Participants were reminded of their... Read More about Two For The Road: An Exploratory Study Investigating Driver and Co-Passenger Interactions during Automation and the Transition of Control in a Level 3 Automated Vehicle.

How Will Drivers and Passengers Interact in Future Automated Vehicles? (2024)
Report
Large, D. R., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2024). How Will Drivers and Passengers Interact in Future Automated Vehicles?. RAC Foundation

The presence of one or more passengers has been shown to distract drivers during manual driving, with reported reductions in situational awareness, an increase in the risk of taking unsafe actions, and an increased risk of a fatal crash, particularly... Read More about How Will Drivers and Passengers Interact in Future Automated Vehicles?.

In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D. R., Harvey, C., Shaw, E., Khandeparker, S., Burnett, G., & Box, E. (2024, April). In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles. Presented at Ergonomics & Human Factors 2024, Kenilworth, UK

We highlight exemplar behaviours elicited through the observation of driver-passenger interactions in a multiple journey driving simulator study, demonstrating both distractive and protective effects when a front-seat passenger is present during SAE... Read More about In Two Minds: Distractive and Protective Effects of Passengers in Automated Vehicles.

Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis (2023)
Journal Article
Clark, J. R., Large, D. R., Shaw, E., Nichele, E., Galvez Trigo, M. J., Fischer, J. E., Burnett, G., & Stanton, N. A. (2024). Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis. Applied Ergonomics, 114, Article 104152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104152

Onboard virtual assistants with the ability to converse with users are gaining favour in supporting effective human-machine interaction to meet safe standards of operation in automated vehicles (AVs). Previous studies have highlighted the need to com... Read More about Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis.

I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication (2023)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D. R., Hallewell, M., Li, X., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2023, September). I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication. Presented at 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Ingolstadt, Germany

We employed the 'Ghost Driver' methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle (AV) and explored pedestrians' (n=520) crossing behaviour in response to external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs). Three eHMI designs were created to replace absent pedestri... Read More about I, AV: A Ghost Driver Field Study Exploring the Application of Anthropomorphism in AV-Pedestrian Communication.

Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles (2023)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Large, D. R., Hallewell, M., Li, X., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2023, April). Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles. Presented at Contemporary Ergonomics & Human Factors 2023, Kenilworth, UK

The absence of a human driver in future autonomous vehicles means that explicit pedestrian-driver communication is not possible. Building on the novel ‘Ghost Driver’ methodology to emulate an autonomous vehicle, we developed prototype external human-... Read More about Ghost Busting: A Novel On-Road Exploration of External HMIs for Autonomous Vehicles.

A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing (2023)
Journal Article
Large, D. R., Pampel, S. M., Merriman, S. E., & Burnett, G. (2023). A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 17(6), 1104-1117. https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.12362

Studies comparing results captured in a simulator with those on road are important to validate the approach but are scarce in the context of secondary task distraction due to the potential ramifications of diverting attention away from safe driving.... Read More about A validation study of a fixed-based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing.

“Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Coffey, M., Hallewell, M., LARGE, D., Harvey, C., & Burnett, G. (2022, October). “Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience. Presented at 8th International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (DDI2022), Gothenburg, Sweden

The remote operation of automated vehicles (‘teleoperation’) has been posited as a potential solution for situations in which human intervention is required, but creates new challenges for ‘driver’ distraction and inattention. Guided by the critical... Read More about “Who’s Got the Remote Control?” Understanding Driver Distraction and Inattention in the Context of Teleoperation and the Passenger Experience.

Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study (2022)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Wilson, H., LARGE, D., & Burnett, G. (2022, October). Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study. Presented at 8th International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (DDI2022), Gothenburg, Sweden

Theoretical techniques to model and predict drivers’ visual behaviour during the execution of secondary in- vehicle tasks, such as the extended keystroke level model (eKLM), are predicated on perfect task resumability during the interleaving of atten... Read More about Deriving Extended Keystroke Level Model Resumability Operators: An Occlusion Study.