Professor KIN-CHOW CHANG's Outputs (36)

Impact of inactivated vaccine on transmission and evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens (2025)
Journal Article
Hu, Z., Ai, H., Wang, Z., Huang, S., Sun, H., Xuan, X., Chen, M., Wang, J., Yan, W., Sun, J., Pu, J., Brooke, C. B., Chang, K.-C., Sun, Y., & Liu, J. (2025). Impact of inactivated vaccine on transmission and evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens. npj Vaccines, 10(1), Article 67. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-025-01115-y

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is endemic in poultry worldwide and increasingly zoonotic. Despite the long-term widespread use of inactivated vaccines, H9N2 AIVs remain dominant in chicken flocks. We demonstrated that inactivated vaccines did not p... Read More about Impact of inactivated vaccine on transmission and evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens.

Airborne transmission of human-isolated avian H3N8 influenza virus between ferrets (2023)
Journal Article
Sun, H., Li, H., Tong, Q., Han, Q., Liu, J., Yu, H., Song, H., Qi, J., Li, J., Yang, J., Lan, R., Deng, G., Chang, H., Qu, Y., Pu, J., Sun, Y., Lan, Y., Wang, D., Shi, Y., Liu, W. J., …Liu, J. (2023). Airborne transmission of human-isolated avian H3N8 influenza virus between ferrets. Cell, 186(19), 4074-4084.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.011

H3N8 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in China caused two confirmed human infections in 2022, followed by a fatal case reported in 2023. H3N8 viruses are widespread in chicken flocks; however, the zoonotic features of H3N8 viruses are poorly understood... Read More about Airborne transmission of human-isolated avian H3N8 influenza virus between ferrets.

SRSF5-Mediated Alternative Splicing of M Gene is Essential for Influenza A Virus Replication: A Host-Directed Target Against Influenza Virus (2022)
Journal Article
Li, Q., Jiang, Z., Ren, S., Guo, H., Song, Z., Chen, S., Gao, X., Meng, F., Zhu, J., Liu, L., Tong, Q., Sun, H., Sun, Y., Pu, J., Chang, K. C., & Liu, J. (2022). SRSF5-Mediated Alternative Splicing of M Gene is Essential for Influenza A Virus Replication: A Host-Directed Target Against Influenza Virus. Advanced Science, 9(34), Article 2203088. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202203088

Splicing of influenza A virus (IAV) RNA is an essential process in the viral life cycle that involves the co-opting of host factors. Here, it is demonstrated that induction of host serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 5 (SRSF5) by IAV facilitated... Read More about SRSF5-Mediated Alternative Splicing of M Gene is Essential for Influenza A Virus Replication: A Host-Directed Target Against Influenza Virus.

Enhanced stability of M1 protein mediated by a phospho-resistant mutation promotes the replication of prevailing avian influenza virus in mammals (2022)
Journal Article
Wang, C., Qu, R., Zong, Y., Qin, C., Liu, L., Gao, X., Sun, H., Sun, Y., Chang, K. C., Zhang, R., Liu, J., & Pu, J. (2022). Enhanced stability of M1 protein mediated by a phospho-resistant mutation promotes the replication of prevailing avian influenza virus in mammals. PLoS Pathogens, 18(7), Article e1010645. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010645

Avian influenza virus (AIV) can evolve multiple strategies to combat host antiviral defenses and establish efficient infectivity in mammals, including humans. H9N2 AIV and its reassortants (such as H5N6 and H7N9 viruses) pose an increasing threat to... Read More about Enhanced stability of M1 protein mediated by a phospho-resistant mutation promotes the replication of prevailing avian influenza virus in mammals.

N-linked glycosylation enhances hemagglutinin stability in avian H5N6 influenza virus to promote adaptation in mammals. (2022)
Journal Article
Sun, H., Deng, G., Sun, H., Song, J., Zhang, W., Li, H., Wei, X., Li, F., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Pu, J., Sun, Y., Tong, Q., Bi, Y., Xie, Y., Qi, J., Chang, K.-C., Gao, G. F., & Liu, J. (2022). N-linked glycosylation enhances hemagglutinin stability in avian H5N6 influenza virus to promote adaptation in mammals. PNAS Nexus, 1(3), Article pgac085. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac085

Clade 2.3.4.4 avian H5Ny viruses, namely H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have exhibited unprecedented intercontinental spread in poultry. Among them, only H5N6 viruses are frequently reported to infect mammals and cause serious human infections. In this study,... Read More about N-linked glycosylation enhances hemagglutinin stability in avian H5N6 influenza virus to promote adaptation in mammals..

Emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants: comparative replication dynamics and high sensitivity to thapsigargin (2021)
Journal Article
Al-Beltagi, S., Goulding, L. V., Chang, D. K., Mellits, K. H., Hayes, C. J., Gershkovich, P., Coleman, C. M., & Chang, K.-C. (2021). Emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants: comparative replication dynamics and high sensitivity to thapsigargin. Virulence, 12(1), 2946-2956. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.2006960

The struggle to control the COVID-19 pandemic is made challenging by the emergence of virulent SARS-CoV-2 variants. To gain insight into their replication dynamics, emergent Alpha (A), Beta (B) and Delta (D) SARS-CoV-2 variants were assessed for thei... Read More about Emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants: comparative replication dynamics and high sensitivity to thapsigargin.

H9N2 virus-derived M1 protein promotes H5N6 virus release in mammalian cells: Mechanism of avian influenza virus inter-species infection in humans (2021)
Journal Article
Li, F., Liu, J., Yang, J., Sun, H., Jiang, Z., Wang, C., Zhang, X., Yu, Y., Zhao, C., Pu, J., Sun, Y., Chang, K.-C., Liu, J., & Sun, H. (2021). H9N2 virus-derived M1 protein promotes H5N6 virus release in mammalian cells: Mechanism of avian influenza virus inter-species infection in humans. PLoS Pathogens, 17(12), Article e1010098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010098

H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4 not only exhibits unprecedented intercontinental spread in poultry, but can also cause serious infection in humans, posing a public health threat. Phylogenetic analyses show that 40%... Read More about H9N2 virus-derived M1 protein promotes H5N6 virus release in mammalian cells: Mechanism of avian influenza virus inter-species infection in humans.

IFI16 directly senses viral RNA and enhances RIG-I transcription and activation to restrict influenza virus infection (2021)
Journal Article
Jiang, Z., Wei, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Gao, W., Yu, S., Sun, H., Pu, J., Sun, Y., Wang, M., Tong, Q., Gao, C., Chang, K.-C., & Liu, J. (2021). IFI16 directly senses viral RNA and enhances RIG-I transcription and activation to restrict influenza virus infection. Nature Microbiology, 6, 932-945. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00907-x

The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) receptor senses cytoplasmic viral RNA and activates type I interferons (IFN-I) and downstream antiviral immune responses. How RIG-I binds to viral RNA and how its activation is regulated remains unclear. Her... Read More about IFI16 directly senses viral RNA and enhances RIG-I transcription and activation to restrict influenza virus infection.

Reassortment with Dominant Chicken H9N2 Influenza Virus Contributed to the Fifth H7N9 Virus Human Epidemic (2021)
Journal Article
Pu, J., Yin, Y., Liu, J., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Sun, H., Li, F., Song, J., Qu, R., Gao, W., Wang, D., Wang, Z., Yan, S., Chen, M., Zeng, J., Jiang, Z., Sun, H., Zong, Y., …Liu, J. (2021). Reassortment with Dominant Chicken H9N2 Influenza Virus Contributed to the Fifth H7N9 Virus Human Epidemic. Journal of Virology, 95(11), https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01578-20

Mink is a highly susceptible host species to circulating human and avian influenza viruses (2021)
Journal Article
Sun, H., Li, F., Liu, Q., Du, J., Liu, L., Li, C., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Yang, J., Duan, Y., Bi, Y., Pu, J., Sun, Y., Tong, Q., Wang, Y., Du, X., Chang, K.-C., & Liu, J. (2021). Mink is a highly susceptible host species to circulating human and avian influenza viruses. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 10(1), 472-480. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2021.1899058

Pandemic influenza, typically caused by reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses, can result in severe or fatal infections in humans. Timely identification of potential pandemic viruses must be a priority in influenza virus surveillance. How... Read More about Mink is a highly susceptible host species to circulating human and avian influenza viruses.

Thapsigargin Is a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Major Human Respiratory Viruses: Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza A Virus (2021)
Journal Article
Al-Beltagi, S., Preda, C. A., Goulding, L. V., James, J., Pu, J., Skinner, P., Jiang, M., Wang, B. L., Yang, J., Banyard, A. C., Mellits, K. H., Gershkovich, P., Hayes, C. J., Nguyen-Van-Tam, J., Brown, I. H., Liu, J., & Chang, K.-C. (2021). Thapsigargin Is a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Major Human Respiratory Viruses: Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza A Virus. Viruses, 13(2), Article 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020234

The long-term control strategy of SARS-CoV-2 and other major respiratory viruses needs to in-clude antivirals to treat acute infections, in addition to the judicious use of effective vaccines. Whilst COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out for mass va... Read More about Thapsigargin Is a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Major Human Respiratory Viruses: Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza A Virus.

Neurovirulence of avian influenza virus is dependent on the interaction of viral NP protein with host factor FMRP in the murine brain (2021)
Journal Article
Zhang, X., Pu, J., Sun, Y., Bi, Y., Jiang, Z., Xu, G., Zhang, H., Cao, J., Chang, K.-C., Liu, J., & Sun, H. (2021). Neurovirulence of avian influenza virus is dependent on the interaction of viral NP protein with host factor FMRP in the murine brain. Journal of Virology, 95(7), https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01272-20

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are zoonotic viruses that exhibit a range infectivity and severity in the human host. Severe human cases of AIVs infection are often accompanied by neurological symptoms, however, the factors involved in the infection o... Read More about Neurovirulence of avian influenza virus is dependent on the interaction of viral NP protein with host factor FMRP in the murine brain.

Thapsigargin at non-cytotoxic levels induces a potent host antiviral response that blocks influenza a virus replication (2020)
Journal Article
Goulding, L. V., Yang, J., Jiang, Z., Zhang, H., Lea, D., Emes, R. D., Dottorini, T., Pu, J., Liu, J., & Chang, K. C. (2020). Thapsigargin at non-cytotoxic levels induces a potent host antiviral response that blocks influenza a virus replication. Viruses, 12(10), Article 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101093

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Influenza A... Read More about Thapsigargin at non-cytotoxic levels induces a potent host antiviral response that blocks influenza a virus replication.

Prevalent Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus with 2009 pandemic viral genes facilitating human infection (2020)
Journal Article
Sun, H., Xiao, Y., Liu, J., Wang, D., Li, F., Wang, C., Li, C., Zhu, J., Song, J., Sun, H., Jiang, Z., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Wei, K., Hou, D., Pu, J., Sun, Y., Tong, Q., Bi, Y., Chang, K.-C., …Liu, J. (2020). Prevalent Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus with 2009 pandemic viral genes facilitating human infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(29), 17204-17210. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921186117

Pigs are intermediate hosts for the generation of pandemic influenza virus. Thus, systematic surveillance of influenza viruses in pigs is a key measure for prewarning the emergence of the next pandemic influenza. Here, we identified a reassortant EA... Read More about Prevalent Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus with 2009 pandemic viral genes facilitating human infection.

Prevailing I292V PB2 mutation in avian influenza H9N2 virus increases viral polymerase function and attenuates IFN-β induction in human cells (2019)
Journal Article
Gao, W., Zu, Z., Liu, J., Song, J., Wang, X., Wang, C., Liu, L., Tong, Q., Wang, M., Sun, H., Sun, Y., Liu, J., Chang, K. C., & Pu, J. (2019). Prevailing I292V PB2 mutation in avian influenza H9N2 virus increases viral polymerase function and attenuates IFN-β induction in human cells. Journal of General Virology, 100(9), 1273-1281. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001294

Adaptation of PB2 protein is important for the establishment of avian influenza viruses in mammalian hosts. Here, we identify I292V as the prevalent mutation in PB2 of circulating avian H9N2 and pandemic H1N1 viruses. The same dominant PB2 mutation i... Read More about Prevailing I292V PB2 mutation in avian influenza H9N2 virus increases viral polymerase function and attenuates IFN-β induction in human cells.

Bat lung epithelial cells show greater host species-specific innate resistance than MDCK cells to human and avian influenza viruses (2018)
Journal Article
Slater, T., Eckerle, I., & Chang, K.-C. (2018). Bat lung epithelial cells show greater host species-specific innate resistance than MDCK cells to human and avian influenza viruses. Virology Journal, 15, Article 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-018-0979-6

Background

With the recent discovery of novel H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viral RNA in bats and report on high frequency of avian H9 seroconversion in a species of free ranging bats, an important issue to address is the extent bats are susceptible... Read More about Bat lung epithelial cells show greater host species-specific innate resistance than MDCK cells to human and avian influenza viruses.

Enhanced pathogenicity and neurotropism of mouse-adapted H10N7 influenza virus are mediated by novel PB2 and NA mutations (2017)
Journal Article
Zhang, X., Xu, G., Wang, C., Jiang, M., Gao, W., Wang, M., Sun, H., Sun, Y., Chang, K.-C., Liu, J., & Pu, J. (2017). Enhanced pathogenicity and neurotropism of mouse-adapted H10N7 influenza virus are mediated by novel PB2 and NA mutations. Journal of General Virology, https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000770

The H10 subtype of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulates globally in wild birds and poultry, and this subtype has been shown to be increasingly prevalent in China. Among the various H10 viruses, H10N7 AIVs have caused repeated mammal and human in... Read More about Enhanced pathogenicity and neurotropism of mouse-adapted H10N7 influenza virus are mediated by novel PB2 and NA mutations.

M gene reassortment in H9N2 influenza virus promotes early infection and replication: contribution to rising virus prevalence in chickens in China (2017)
Journal Article
Pu, J., Sun, H., Qu, Y., Wang, C., Gao, W., Zhu, J., Sun, Y., Bi, Y., Huang, Y., Chang, K.-C., Cui, J., & Liu, J. (2017). M gene reassortment in H9N2 influenza virus promotes early infection and replication: contribution to rising virus prevalence in chickens in China. Journal of Virology, 91(8), Article e02055-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02055-16

Segment reassortment and base mutagenesis of influenza A viruses are the primary routes to the rapid evolution of high fitness virus genotypes. We recently described a predominant G57 genotype of avian H9N2 viruses that caused country-wide outbreaks... Read More about M gene reassortment in H9N2 influenza virus promotes early infection and replication: contribution to rising virus prevalence in chickens in China.

Prevailing PA mutation K356R in avian influenza H9N2 virus increases mammalian replication and pathogenicity (2016)
Journal Article
Xu, G., Zhang, X., Gao, W., Wang, C., Wang, J., Sun, H., Sun, Y., Guo, L., Zhang, R., Chang, K.-C., Liu, J., & Pu, J. (in press). Prevailing PA mutation K356R in avian influenza H9N2 virus increases mammalian replication and pathogenicity. Journal of Virology, 90(18), https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00883-16

Adaptation of the viral polymerase complex comprising PB1, PB2, and PA is necessary for efficient influenza A virus replication in new host species. We found that PA mutation K356R (PA-K356R) has become predominant since 2014 in avian H9N2 viruses in... Read More about Prevailing PA mutation K356R in avian influenza H9N2 virus increases mammalian replication and pathogenicity.

Transmission and pathogenicity of novel reassortants derived from Eurasian avian-like and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in mice and guinea pigs (2016)
Journal Article
Kong, W., Liu, Q., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Gao, H., Liu, L., Qin, Z., He, Q., Sun, H., Pu, J., Wang, D., Guo, X., Yang, H., Chang, K.-C., Shu, Y., & Liu, J. (2016). Transmission and pathogenicity of novel reassortants derived from Eurasian avian-like and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in mice and guinea pigs. Scientific Reports, 6, Article 27067. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27067

Given the present extensive co-circulation in pigs of Eurasian avian-like (EA) swine H1N1 and 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) H1N1 viruses, reassortment between them is highly plausible but largely uncharacterized. Here, experimentally co-infected pigs with a... Read More about Transmission and pathogenicity of novel reassortants derived from Eurasian avian-like and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in mice and guinea pigs.