Faecal immunochemical testing and blood tests for prioritization of urgent colorectal cancer referrals in symptomatic patients: a 2-year evaluation

Bailey, James A.; Weller, Jill; Chapman, Caroline; Ford, Abby; Hardy, Katie; Oliver, Simon; Morling, Joanne R.; Simpson, J. Alastair; Humes, David J.; Banerjea, Ayan

Abstract

Background
A novel pathway incorporating faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for rapid colorectal cancer diagnosis (RCCD) was introduced in 2017. This paper reports on the service evaluation after 2 years of pathway implementation.

Methods
The RCCD protocol was based on FIT, blood results and symptoms to stratify adult patients in primary care. Two-week-wait (2WW) investigation was indicated for patients with rectal bleeding, rectal mass and faecal haemoglobin (fHb) level of 10 µg Hb/g faeces or above or 4 µg Hb/g faeces or more in the presence of anaemia, low ferritin or thrombocytosis, in all other symptom groups. Patients with 100 µg Hb/g faeces or above had expedited investigation . A retrospective audit of colorectal cancer detected between 2017 and 2019 was conducted, fHb thresholds were reviewed and critically assessed for cancer diagnoses.

Results
In 2 years, 14788 FIT tests were dispatched with 13361 (90.4 per cent) completed returns. Overall, fHb was less than 4 µg Hb/g faeces in 9208 results (68.9 per cent), 4–9.9 µg Hb/g in 1583 (11.8 per cent), 10–99.9 µg Hb/g in 1850 (13.8 per cent) and 100 µg Hb/g faeces or above in 720 (5.4 per cent). During follow-up (median 10.4 months), 227 colorectal cancers were diagnosed. The cancer detection rate was 0.1 per cent in patients with fHb below 4 µg Hb/g faeces, 0.6 per cent in those with fHb 4–9.9 µg Hb/g faeces, 3.3 per cent for fHb 10–99.9 µg Hb/g faeces and 20.7 per cent for fHb 100 µg Hb/g faeces or above. The detection rate in the cohort with 10–19.9 µg Hb/g faeces was 1.4 per cent, below the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence threshold for urgent referral. The colorectal cancer rate in patients with fHb below 20 µg Hb/g faeces was less than 0.3 per cent.

Conclusion
Use of FIT to "rule out" urgent referral from primary care misses a small number of cases. The threshold for referral may be adjusted with blood results to improve stratification .

Citation

Bailey, J. A., Weller, J., Chapman, C., Ford, A., Hardy, K., Oliver, S., Morling, J. R., Simpson, J. A., Humes, D. J., & Banerjea, A. (2021). Faecal immunochemical testing and blood tests for prioritization of urgent colorectal cancer referrals in symptomatic patients: a 2-year evaluation. BJS Open, 5(2), Article zraa056. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsopen/zraa056

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 15, 2020
• Online Publication Date: Mar 9, 2021
• Publication Date: Mar 9, 2021
• Deposit Date: Nov 24, 2020
• Publicly Available Date: Mar 10, 2022
• Journal: BJS Open
• Electronic ISSN: 2474-9842
• Publisher: Wiley
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 5
• Issue: 2
• Article Number: zraa056
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsopen/zraa056
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/5067962
• Publisher URL: https://academic.oup.com/bjsopen/article/5/2/zraa056/6162967