Towards standardisation of the out-of-plane permeability measurement for reinforcement textiles

Yong, A.X.H.; Endruweit, A.; George, A.; May, D.; Aksoy, Y. A.; Ali, M. A.; Allen, T.; Baral, P.; Betteridge, C.; Brauner, C.; Caglar, B.; Chiminelli, A.; Cracknell, D.; Dame, L.; Dittmann, J.; Dransfeld, C.; Drapier, S.; García Manrique, J. A.; Garrigou, E.; Guilloux, A.; Hubert, P.; Ivens, J.; Janzen, J.; Khan, T.; Kikuta, H.; Kind, K.; Laspalas, M.; Lee, J.; Liu, X.; Lizaranzu, M.; Lomov, S. V.; Masania, K.; Michaud, V.; Middendorf, P.; Miguel, S.; Muñoz, J.; Narayana, S. S.; Park, C. H.; Pedoto, G.; Pisupati, A.; Sayinbas, D.; Sousa, P.; Sozer, M.; Staal, J.; Steinhardt, M.; Teixido, T.; Umer, R.; Vincent, J. D.; Werlen, V.; Yuksel, O.

Abstract

In the collaborative effort towards standardisation of out-of-plane permeability measurement, an international benchmarking exercise was carried out whereby 19 participants worldwide were instructed to measure the out-of-plane permeability following a number of strict guidelines, informed by the outcomes of the first international benchmarking exercise completed in 2021. This paper presents the results of the exercise and an assessment of the reproducibility of the data and the suitability of the proposed test method. The data returned were subjected to a number of statistical analysis methods, which showed that adherence to the test guidelines resulted in a high likelihood of a participant not being an outlier and therefore providing evidence that the test method proposed in this paper is a suitable way forward for a standardised test method.

Citation

Yong, A., Endruweit, A., George, A., May, D., Aksoy, Y. A., Ali, M. A., Allen, T., Baral, P., Betteridge, C., Brauner, C., Caglar, B., Chiminelli, A., Cracknell, D., Dame, L., Dittmann, J., Dransfeld, C., Drapier, S., García Manrique, J. A., Garrigou, E., Guilloux, A., …Yuksel, O. (2025). Towards standardisation of the out-of-plane permeability measurement for reinforcement textiles. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 190, Article 108630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108630

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 28, 2024
• Online Publication Date: Nov 30, 2024
• Publication Date: 2025-03
• Deposit Date: Dec 3, 2024
• Publicly Available Date: Nov 30, 2025
• Journal: Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
• Print ISSN: 1359-835X
• Electronic ISSN: 1878-5840
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 190
• Article Number: 108630
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108630
• Keywords: Fabrics/textiles, Permeability, Process monitoring, Liquid composite moulding, Resin flow
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/42480573
• Publisher URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359835X24006286?via%3Dihub